REALIZATION OF SPEECH FUNCTION IN MOOD IN

THE SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S (SBY)

SPEECHES

A THESIS

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program Postgraduate School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

AYU INDARI

Registration Number: 082188330123

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2011

A THESIS

REALIZATION OF SPEECH FUNCTION IN MOOD IN

THE SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S (SBY)

SPEECHES

By:

AYU INDARI

Registration Number: 082188330123

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

This Thesis was examined on April 7^th, 2011 by the Board of Examination

Approved by

Adviser Commission

Adviser I Adviser II

Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S

NIP. 19550113 198203 1 002 NIP. 19630525 198803 2 016

The Head of English Applied The Director of the Postgraduate

Linguistics Study Program School,

State University of Medan

Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd Prof. Dr. Belferik Manullang

NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001 NIP. 19471015 197412 1 001

Approval

This Thesis was examined on April 7^th, 2011 by the Board of Examiners

Board of Examiners:

1. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D ________________________

NIP. 19550113 198203 1 002

2. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S ________________________

NIP. 19630525 198803 2 016

3. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd ________________________

NIP. 19590713 198601 1 001

4. Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd ________________________

NIP. 19610425 198601 2 001

5. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP ________________________

NIP. 19570412 198403 1 001

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful

As this thesis is completed, first of all the writer would like to express gratitude to Allah SWT the Lord of the mankind, jinns, and all that exists for the opportunity for her to complete this thesis. Peace be upon Muhammad SAW, the last of the Prophets and upon his brothers Prophets and Messengers and upon his family, his companions and whoever follows him with benevolence until the Day of Resurrection. And also the persons mentioned below who have given her invaluable help, support, suggestions, motivation, encouragement during has study at the English applied Linguistics Program, Graduate School, State University of Medan.

The writer would like to express her deepest thanks and endless appreciations to her parents, abah (Suripto) and umi (Hasniari), thanks for their praying to her, their supports, materials, and endless loves. Their praying will bring her into the best future. They will be in her heart whenever and wherever she is. Love you, abah and umi. And to my husband, (Nico) thanks for everything.

She would like to deliver her plentiful appreciation and gratitude to the first advisor Prof. Amrin Saragih, Ph. D, and the second advisor Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S for their guidance, advices, valuable, comments, encouragement, criticism, and also helps given the writer from the very beginning up to the end form of this thesis writing.

Furthermore, she also indepted to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd, and Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed., TESP for their constructive comments and suggestions in enriching the quality of this thesis.

Her truthfully gratefulness also goes to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd the head and secretary of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program, for their suggestion and administrative assistances during the process of conducting this study. Her truthfully gratefulness also given to Prof. Dr. Belferik Manullang as the director of Graduate Program of State University of Medan, thanks for her invaluable assistance both in academic and administrative matters.

The writer’s profuse appreciation is also addressed to all of the lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Program of the Graduate Program of State University of Medan (Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd, Prof. Amrin Saragih, Ph. D, Prof. Tina Mariany A, Ph. D., M. A, Prof. D. P. Tampubolon, Ph. D, Prof. M. Silitonga, Ph. D, Prof. M. Butar Butar, Ph. D, Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M. Pd, Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed., TESP) for their assistances and invaluable helps and knowledge when she was learning in the class.

The writer would like to deliver to all her beloved relatives especially all her friends in LTBI intake XV (Bro Car, Sis Dewi, Sis Wati, Uci, Bro Gen, Sis Grace, Tari Malau, Bro Lis, Meida, Naj, Sis Nova, Minar, Sis Afifah, Ayu Asrul, Qori, Rini, Adah, Sarah, Sis Sisil, Bro Her, Yudi, and Mr. Yani). Thanks for their support, assistance, worship, persistence, and pray for the success in finishing her study on time. May Allah SWT consecrate to them. Amin.

Finally, this thesis is still far for being perfect in spite of fact that the writer has done her best in completing her work. For this reason, it is suggested for other researcher to make further study related to this topic and subject.

Medan, 21^st February 2011

The writer

Ayu Indari

Reg. Num 082188330123

ABSTRACT

Indari, Ayu. Registration Number 082188330123. Realization of Speech Function in Mood in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) Speeches. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post Graduate School. State University of Medan.2011.

The objectives of the study are; 1) to describe speech functions realized in moods in SBY’s speeches, 2) to derive the dominant speech function in SBY’s speeches, and 3) the reason for the use of the dominant speech function. Realization of speech function in mood is related to Halliday (1994: p. 95) makes the point that the relationship between the forms of utterances and the types of meaning they can express is a complex one which is based on the principle that what speakers say can make sense in the context in which they are saying it. The four speech functions (statement, question, offer, and command) find their realization in mood which is an aspect on interpersonal function at the level of lexicogrammar (Halliday, 1993: p. 103). The study contends that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) Speeches have its own semantics and lexicogrammar of language where speech function and mood. The data are obtained from two kinds of SBY’s speeches. The study is conducted in content analysis design. The findings indicate that Speech function in both of the speeches is realized into the form of Mood: declarative, interrogative, and imperative. The dominant speech function is statement in the sentence which is to help the speaker to inform the people about the problem or the issue. The four speech functions in initiating are realized as follows: statement realized by declarative Mood, question realized by interrogative Mood, and command realized by imperative Mood. Speech as the object of the study which realizes in the speech function and mood, it could be dominant using of speech function.

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT iv

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF APPENDIXES vii

TABLE OF CONTENT viii

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1

1.1. Background of the Study 1

1.2. Problem of the Study 8

1.3. Objective of the Study 8

1.4. Scope of the Study 9

1.5. Significance of the Study 9

CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 10

2.1. Speech Functions 10

2.1.1 Types of Speech Functions Theory of Speech 10

2.1.2 Realization Speech Functions in Mood 12

2.2. Speech 14

2.2.1 Theory of Speech 14

2.2.2 Towards a Formal Model of Speech 15

2.2.3 Kinds of Speech 16

1. An Informative Speech 16

2. A layout Speech 17

3. A Demonstration Speech 18

4. A Persuasive Speech 18

2.2.4 News Conference 20

2.2.5 Ethos in Traditional Rhetoric 21

2.2.6 SBY’s Speeches Opinion 23

2.3 Mood and Residue 27

2.3.1 Mood 27

2.3.1.1 Identifying Subject and Finite 32

2.3.1.2 Mood in Non-Declarative Clauses 35

2.3.1.3 Kinds of Mood 40

1. Declarative and Interrogative Moods 40

2. Imperative mood 42

3. Exclamative mood 43

4. Mood and Polarity 44

2.3.2 Residue 45

2.3.2.1 The Predicator 45

2.3.2.2 The Complement 48

2.3.2.3 Adjuncts 49

2.4 Mood in Bahasa Indonesia 51

2.4.1 Statement 51

2.4.2 Questions 52

2.4.3 Imperatives 55

2.4.4 Exclamations 56

2.5 Congruence in the Interpersonal Component 59

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD 63

3.1. Research Design 63

3.2. Data Sources 63

3.3. Technique of Collecting Data 64

3.4. Technique of Data Analysis 64

3.5 Trustworthiness 65

CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 66

4.1. Research Findings 66

4.1.1 Realization of Speech Function in Mood 66

4.1.1.1 Realization of Speech Function 66

(1). Statement 66

a. First Speech: “Bombing” 66

b. Second Speech: “RUU Keistimewaan Yogya” 74

(2). Command 80

(3). Question 81

(4). Offer 81

4.1.1.2 Realization in Mood 82

a. First Speech: “Bombing” 82

b. Second Speech: “RUU Keistimewaan Yogya” 83

4.1.1.3 Realization of Speech Function in Mood 83

4.1.2 Dominant of Speech Function 86

4.1.3 Reason of the Speech Function Dominantly Used 87

4.2 Discussion 89

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 91

5.1 Conclusions 91

5.2 Suggestions 92

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER II Page

Table 1.1... Types of Speech Functions……………………………… 13

Table 1.2... Elaboration Realization of Speech Functions in Mood 15

Table 1.3... Semantic interpretation of central mood systems 28

Table 1.4 .. Basic options in the speech function system

and their congruent realization 59

CHAPTER III Page

Table 1.5 The steps of the technique of data analysis 63

CHAPTER IV Page

Table 1.6 Lists of Statement in SBY’s Speech 66

Table 1.7 Initiating of Statement 72

Table 1.8 Lists of Statement in SBY’s Speech 74

Table 1.9 Initiating of Statement 81

Table 1.10 Initiating of Command 82

Table 1.11 Initiating of Question 83

Table 1.12 Initiating of Offer 84

Table 1.13 Mood in Clause 85

Table 1.14 Mood in Clause 85

Table 1.15 Realization of Speech Function in Mood 87

Table 1.16 Dominant Speech Function in the Speeches 88

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER II Page

Figure 1.1 Realization of Speech Functions in Mood 14

Figure 1.2 Two mood systems 27

Figure 1.3 Mood – key systems 29

Figure 1.4 Tags showing Subject and Finite 31

Figure 1.5 it’ and ‘there’ as Subject 31

Figure 1.6 Mood in declarative clauses 34

Figure 1.7 Mood in yes/no interrogative clauses 34

Figure 1.8 WH-interrogative with known Subject 35

Figure 1.9 WH-interrogative with WH-element as Subject 35

Figure 1.10 Mood in exclamative clauses 36

Figure 1.11 Unmarked imperative clauses 36

Figure 1.12 Marked imperative clauses 37

Figure 1.13 Let’s imperative clause 37

Figure 1.14 Analyzing Mood and Residue 49

Figure 1.15 System Network of SBY’s Speech Function 58

Figure 1.16 Mood: Primary Options 59

CHAPTER IV Page

Figure 1.17 System Network of SBY’s Speech Function 66

LIST OF APPENDIXES

APPENDIX III- THE ANALYZING DATA

Table 2.2 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speech about

“The Bombing”

APPENDIX IV- THE ANALYZING DATA

Table 2.3 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speech about

“RUU Keistimewaan Yogyakarta”

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

One of the functions of language in human life as a member of the society is to exchange experience. This is systemically termed as speech functions (Halliday, 2004: 107-108). This study is related to know the president of the Republic of Indonesia represents his speech functions through his speeches. A study on the speech function is worthwhile doing for it giving contribution for the better understanding of the presidue policy for development. Language plays an unproduced role for this. Language is a device in communication. When someone says something who is used sentence in the communication. The sentence itself consists of the structure and meaning. The structure and meaning are speech function and mood. This systematically conclude that speech function calls discourse semantics and mood calls lexicogrammar (Martin, 1992: 36). The grammar of a language is the description of the ways in which words can change their forms and can be combined into sentences in that language. If grammar rules are too carelessly violated, communication may suffer, although, creating a good grammar rule is extremely difficult. Linguistic investigating native speaker speech (and writing) has, over the years, devised various different systems to describe how the language works.

In relation to that structural linguistics presents us with a systematic way to describe the units of language and how those units combine to produce acceptable sentences. A language can be considered from several levels, each related in some way to the others. Thus sounds combine to form syllables and words, which in turn combine to form phrases and sentences. Commonly used terms, in increasing order of size, are phone, phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, sentence, and text. The terms correctly imply that structural linguistics has emphasized the sound system (phonology) and the grammatical structure (syntax).

Within traditional grammar, the syntax of a language is described in terms of taxonomy of the range of different types of syntactic structures found in the language. The central assumption underpinning syntactic analysis in traditional grammar is that phrases and sentences are built up of a series of constituents (i.e. syntactic units), each of which belongs to a specific grammatical category and serves a specific grammatical function. Given this assumption, the task of the linguist analyzing the syntactic structure of any given type of sentence is to identify each of the constituents in the sentence, and to say what category it belongs to and what function it serves. For example, in relation to the syntax of a simple sentence like: (a) He went home, (b) Are you feeling OK!, (c) You be quite!, (d) What a great idea that is!. A sentence like (a) is traditionally said to be declarative in force, in that it is used to make a statement. (b) is interrogative in force in that it is used to ask a question. (c) is imperative in force, by virtue of being used to issue an order or command. (d) is exclamative in force, in that it is used to exclaim surprise or delight. In addition according to Martin (1992: 33) says that in a Systematic Functional Interpretation of English (SFI) provides a point of departure for stratifying the content plane. This is an important step as far as interpreting dialogue is concerned since there is no simple relation between general grammatical classes and the role they play in structuring a conversation. The most commonly discussed example of this is the realization of demands for goods and services. Each class considered so far for example, imperative, declarative and interrogative mood, can be used to code a Command: (a) Get me the new one, please? – Allright, I will, (b) I’d like the new one, please? – Allright, (c) Can I have the new one, please? – Allright.

Evidence for the fact that the different grammatical classes are performing a related discourse function comes from their context: from their co-text the inclusion of please and the reply allright; and from the context of situation, where one might well observe goods being exchanged. Furthermore, as can be seen from the examples above, the relevance of the co-text is also grammaticalised in English. There is a major pattern to be considered. It can be established with respect to the more general Mood function, Mood (including Subject, Finite, and Mood adjuncts) and Residue (including Predicator, Complement and other Adjuncts).

Mood (Radford, 2004: 462) is a term describing inflectional properties of finite verbs. That means mood explains about verbs in the content of the sentence itself. This statement has been more complete by Martin (1992: 30) concerns with the semantics of mood in English (the grammatical description of mood proposed in Halliday 1976b: 105-110). Its basic concern will be interpreting mood from a discourse perspective as a resource for negotiating meaning in dialogue. To consider two central mood systems, which classify English clauses as three basic types of interact, such as declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Traditionally, these systems and structures require a richer interpretation, beyond form, in spite of the fact that the content of the terms is less than transparent. Semantically oriented labels of this kind highlight the meaning of the grammatical terms and are used throughout Halliday (1985a) to focus on the grammar as a functionally organized meaning making resource (rather than as a syntax, or set of forms). In fact, no attempt is made to distinguish stratally between grammar and meaning: rather the grammar in infused with meaning, and a stratal distinction between grammar and semantics systematically blurred. So, an attempt will be made to unpick the boundary between grammar and semantics in a syntactic functional interpretation of English and Halliday’s relabelling provides a point of departure for stratifying the content plane.

Following Halliday (1984a) the semantic inventory of interacts can now be expanded into four pairs, which will be referred to provisionally, following work in ethno methodology (e.g. Schegloff & Sacks 1973) namely (a) offer (acknowledge offer): can I get you a drink? – yes, thanks, (b) command (response offer to command): get me a drink, will you? – alright, I will, (c) statement (acknowledge statement): the match is at 2 pm – oh, is it?, (d) question (response statement to question): what time’s the match? – at 2 pm. The grammar then makes available resources for trying an initiation to a response (ellipsis and substitution) and for orienting the exchange to goods and services or information and to giving or demanding (declarative, interrogative, and imperative). The mood systems considered to this point are along with the speech function.

According to Martin (1992: 36) speech function (discourse semantics) has been stratified with respect to mood (lexicogrammar) on the content plane. In another research, Sulaiman (2007) “Speech Functions in Classroom Interaction” concludes that speech functions absent in those of mood. From that case, the researcher gets the problem of the research which is realization of speech function in mood, derive the dominant of speech function and reason for the use of the dominant speech function.

Realization of speech function in mood has implementation in many ways, for example in the speech. Speech, according to Saussure ((1916) 1986: 19), is the sum total of what people say, and it comprises (a) individual combinations of words, depending on the will of the speakers, and (b) acts of phonation, which are also voluntary and are necessary for the execution of the speakers’ combinations of words. That means speech is acting of phonation realized in the words. Its added from another opinion that speech is the vocalized form of human communication. It is based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large (usually >10,000 different words) vocabularies. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units, differ creating the existence of many thousands of different types of mutually unintelligible human languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech). From that statement above, researcher conclude that speech is the collection of many vocabularies in the several forms of the grammatical structures. Speech has the four basic types, they are: to inform, to instruct, to entertain, and to persuade. These are not mutually exclusive of one another. You may have several purposes in mind when giving your presentation.

In this study the researcher is interested in analyzing realization of speech function in mood in President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speeches. These are some reason to emphasize her interests in the research. Firstly, based on the theory that there is a major pattern to be considered which realization of speech function in mood is because according to Martin (1992: 36) speech function (discourse semantics) has been stratified with respect to mood (lexicogrammar) on the content plane. That means realization of speech function in mood can help the reader to find out the kinds of the structure in the sentence and the meaning of the sentence which refers to get the information from the sentence itself.

Secondly, based on the previously research’s findings in which for example; there is researcher analyzed speech function in several phenomena namely Sembiring (2009) who analyzed “Speech Function in Slogan of Television Advertisement” in this study with speech functions in the slogan of television advertisement. In the theory of speech functions, Martin (1992: 36) states that speech function is a semantic aspect of meaning which is realized by mood at level of lexicogrammar. In this case, all the speech function should be coded by three moods namely declarative, interrogative, and imperative. The four speech functions (offer, command, statement, and question) are semantic in nature. They find their realizations in mood which is an aspect of interpersonal meaning at the level of lexicogrammatical. In their congruent representation, the speech functions of the statement, question, and command are realized by declarative, interrogative, and imperative. The finding of this study is that speech function used in slogan of shampoo product is giving statement or give information. From the previous research above, the research conclude that the research explained about speech function of the statement, question, and command are realized by kinds of mood (declarative, interrogative, and imperative) in slogan of television advertisement. In this research, researcher wants to make specifically analyzing realization of speech function in mood in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speeches.

The speeches are taken from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) as issued on Jakarta “Bombings” July 18, 2009 and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, also known by his initials SBY, won over voters in Indonesia’s first democratic elections with his image as a man of integrity, a strong communicator and firm leader in times of crisis. Mr. Yudhoyono is probably best known internationally for his leading role in Indonesia’s fight against terrorism in the wake of the Bali bombing in 2009. His speech on the anniversary of the attack was seen as one of the strongest delivered by any Indonesian leader on an issue which is still politically sensitive. SBY is also working on establishing an engagement platform with the world that rests on peace, democracy and economic development to gain leadership status. From the phenomena, the researcher wants to describe realization of speech function in mood in SBY speeches.

1.2 Problem of the Study

In accordance with the background of the study, the problems of this study are formulated as follows.

1. How are speech functions realized in moods in SBY speeches?

2. What is the dominant speech function in SBY speeches?

3. Why is the dominant speech function realized in the way it is?

1.3 Objective of the Study

In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are

1. to identify speech functions realized in moods in SBY’s speeches,

2. to identify the dominant speech function in SBY’s speeches, and

3. the reason for the use of the dominant speech function.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The study is focused on realization of speech function in mood. This research concerns on the four primary speech functions, namely statement, question, command, and offer. They are investigated in their realizations of mood. Mood focuses on the kinds of mood. They are (1) declarative, (2) interrogative, and (3) imperative.

To avoid the broad discussion and to make this research manageable, this research concerns on SBY’s speeches such as SBY’s Speech on the Jakarta “Bombings” July 18, 2009 and President SBY’s speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011. The researcher chooses both of the speeches because the speaker has the same strong emotion in the speech.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution to the following.

Theoretically, grammatical research through realization of speech function in mood in the speech gives contributions about how the units combine to produce acceptable sentences and how to describe the language works.
Practically, the finding of this study can be used as a model to identify and understand about realization of speech function in mood in the speech for social phenomenon such as daily conversation, dialogue, text, story and so on.
Academically the finding can be a helpful way for developing and increasing the world science especially in educating of discourse and pragmatics in the education department. Moreover, it is the specific contribution to the language itself.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Speech Functions

Speech functions (Martin, 1992: 36) is a semantic aspect of meaning which is realized by mood at the level of lexicogrammar. That means mood is talking about the structure of the sentence and the speech function is talking about the meaning of the sentence. Both of them should be realize in the sentence. In this case, speech functions should be realized by moods, they are (1) declarative, (2) interrogative, and (3) imperative. All of these are the representation of human beings utterances in their communication. Therefore, speech functions are used to exchange human’s experiences through language function by using interpersonal meaning and realized by mood.

2.1.1 Types of Speech Functions

According to Martin (1992: 45) the speech functions network can now elaborated which follow:

1) Call [attending: calling/initiating] John

2) Greeting [attending: greeting/initiating] See you.

3) Exclamation [negotiating: reacting/initiating] Utter rubbish!

4) Offer [ negotiating: exchanging:

giving/goods & service] Let me get you a beer.

5) Command [negotiating: exchanging:

Demanding/goods & services] Get me a beer.

6) Statement [ negotiating: exchanging: giving/

Information/ initiating] He was won.

Question [negotiating: exchanging:

7) Demanding/information/initiating] Has he won?.

That means speech functions have many various forms in the sentence because the sentences are the unity of the kinds of structure which have the meaning of the sentences. In the other hand, according to Saragih (2004: 12) speech functions are summarized as follows:

a) Giving/ information = statement [ They play football]

b) Demanding/information = question [ Do they play football]

c) Giving/goods & services = offer [ Let us play football]

d) Demanding/goods & services = command [ Play the football]

There are four speech functions used in a communication, they are statement, offer, question, and command. All of them are realized by mood to perform two roles, namely Giving and Demanding, while the two exchanges may be either Information or Goods & Services, are described in the following Saragih (2005: 12).

Commodity Role in exchange	(a) good & services	(b) information
(1) Giving	‘offer’	‘statement’
(1) Giving	Let us play the football	They are playing the football
(2) Demanding	‘command’	‘question’
(2) Demanding	Play the football!	What are they playing?

Table 1.1: Types of Speech Functions.

With reference to systemic functional linguistic theories, as developed by Halliday (1994: 69) and other systemicists, the four speech functions are summarized as follows:

1) Giving/information = statement

2) Demanding/information = question

3) Giving/ goods & services = offer

4) Demanding/ goods & services = command

From the statement above, the types of speech functions have simple; it will be easier to divide the types of speech functions in the several sentences. It will be focused in this research.

2.1.2 Realization of Speech Function in Mood

Halliday (1994: p. xx) the relation between the semantics and the grammar is one of realization: the wording ‘realizes’, or encodes, the meaning. The wording, in turn, is ‘realized by’ sound or writing. There is no sense in asking which determines which; the relation is a symbolic one. It is not possible to point to each symbol as an isolate and ask what it means; the meaning is encoded in the wording as an intergreted whole. From the statement, it can conclude that semantics and grammar both of them can not separate each other in the sentence. In relation from that statement, there is another theory about semantics and grammar which call speech function as discourse semantics and mood as lexicogrammar. The four speech functions (statement, question, offer, and command) find their realization in mood which is an aspect on interpersonal function at the level of lexicogrammar. The representation of speech function ‘statement’ is realized by ‘declarative’, ‘question’ is realized by ‘interrogative’, and ‘command’ is realized by ‘imperative’. However, the speech function of ‘offer’ does not have an unmarked representation of Mood. It is realized by any one of the four speech functions. The unmarked realizations of the speech functions are realized in moods following Saragih (2005: 13).

Speech Function
Statement	Offer
Question	Command

Mood
Declarative	O
Interrogative	Imperative

= ‘realized by’

Figure 1.1: Realization of Speech Functions in Mood

Further elaboration is presented in Table 1.2

Speech Function	Mood	Examples
Statement Question Command Offer	Declarative Interrogative Imperative -	He came to the office yesterday Did you go to the movie? Open the door! Let me take the book for you

Table 1.2 : Elaboration Realization of Speech Functions in Mood

From the theory above, it will be helping the researcher to answering the problem of the study. It will be describing speech functions realized in moods in SBY’s speeches. It will be focused in this research.

2.2 Speech

2.2.1 Theory of Speech

Speech according to Saussure ((1916)1986: 19), is the sum total of what people say, and it comprises (a) individual combinations of words, depending on the will of the speakers, and (b) acts of phonation, which are also voluntary and are necessary for the execution of the speakers’ combinations of words. Speech is the vocalized form of human communication. It is based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large (usually >10,000 different words) vocabularies. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units, differ creating the existence of many thousands of different types of mutually unintelligible human languages. Human speakers (polyglots) are often able to communicate in two or more of them. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also provide humans with the ability to sing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech). From that statement above, researcher conclude that speech is the collection of many vocabularies in the several forms of the grammatical structures.

Experience with speech builds our cognitive capacities, and our language behavior then continues to develop and change in a highly interactive speech environment. We need to understand speech production and speech perception as well as we can if we are to make the most of our study of linguistic structure. When we do study the linguistics of speech, we achieve definite findings that can help us to determine the relationship of speech to the linguistics of linguistic structure, to reconsider developments in historical linguistics.

2.2.2 Towards a Formal Model of Speech

According to William (2009: 252) speech is a complex system. This simple statement conveys a great deal of information, especially in contrast to notions of language considered as linguistic structure:

(a) Speech is open and dynamic, as opposed to a static structure;

(b) Speech includes a very large number of interactive components/agents, as opposed to a hierarchical arrangement of types;

(d) The distribution of units in speech is non-linear, as opposed to an assumption of random use or normal distribution;

(e) Speech has the property of scaling, as opposed to homogenous unity.

All of these properties and conditions may at first appear to be too diverse to manage within a model, but they come down to just two elements, speech production and speech perception as required for interactions in the speech circuit,

2.2.3 Kinds of Speech

During this course you will have to do a number of speeches. This page explains about the four main types of speech (http://www.nsknet.or.jp/~peterr-s/public_speaking/speechtypes.html).

1. An Informative Speech

An Informative speech is written to provide interesting and useful information to increase the knowledge of your audience. This might involve providing information about a person, and animal or an object. It might centre on information regarding a process, a 'How to' speech e.g. How to Surf the Internet (http://www.famous-speeches-and-speech-topics.info/speech-topics/informative-speech.htm). An Informative Speech is like teaching. The purpose of an informative speech is to try to teach something to the audience. The success of your speech depends on whether the audience learns what you wanted to teach them. You need to tell the audience why the information is useful and valuable. You need to make sure that the audience understands and remembers the essential information. Some examples of an informative speech:

a) A teacher telling students about earthquakes

b) Someone telling some foreign students about the Cherry Blossom Season

c) A student telling people about her research

d) A tour guide telling people about the Tower of London

e) A computer programmer telling people about new software

f) Someone telling the audience about his hometown

The Main Elements to Writing an Informative Speech
The main elements to writing a successful and effective Informative speech are to convey your knowledge and your ability to explain the subject:

1) Knowledge - Establish credibility by demonstrating expertise and knowledge of the subject - conveying information,, presenting ideas, facts and statistics to adequately inform the audience about the subject

2) Key Points - Repeat all the Key points to ensure maximum knowledge retention

3) Interest - Conveying the subject with enthusiasm and including unusual facts or anecdotes about the subject

The Structure and Outline of an Informative Speech
What is a good structure, outline or good guidelines to writing an Informative speech?

1) Your Opener - the opening, ice-breaker or attention grabber

2) Introduction - Tell them what the speech is about and what your main points will be

3) Knowledge - Establish credibility by demonstrating expertise and knowledge of the subject - conveying information, presenting ideas, facts and statistics to adequately inform the audience about the subject

4) Confirmation - Confirm and repeat the key points

5) Conclusion - Try to end with a memorable punch line or positive statement

Famous Examples of Informative Speeches
What are some famous examples of Informative speeches?

1) American Declaration of Independence

2) British Declaration Of War Neville Chamberlain, 193

2. A layout Speech

A layout Speech is like giving someone directions, or explaining the location of a place. It is not very common as a formal speech, but it is something you often have to when explaining to people about a town or large building. A layout speech tells the audience where things are. It may also describe there size and shape. Gestures are very important in a layout speech. In fact, this is a good chance to practice your gestures. The success of your speech depends on whether the audience can find their way round the place you have described.

Some examples of a layout speech:

a) An interior designer explaining the layout of the new city hall

b) A police officer giving directions to lost tourists

c) A real estate agent describing the features of a new house

d) A receptionist helping a visitor find the conference room

e) A tour guide explaining the floor plan of a large art museum

3. A Demonstration Speech

A demonstration speech is like an informative speech because you have to teach the audience about something. However, in a demonstration speech you will not just tell the audience about something, you will also tell them how to do something. Your speech will be successful if at the end of your speech the audience can do what you showed them to do.

Some examples of a demonstration speech:

a) A ski instructor demonstrating how to perform a turn

b) A policeman telling someone how to get to the station

c) A chef telling his audience how to make chocolate cake

d) A tour guide telling people how to use the underground system in London

e) A computer programmer showing people how to use new software

f) A teacher showing a student how to do an experiment

4. A Persuasive Speech

A persuasive speech contains information to help people make a decision. The purpose of a persuasive speech is to persuade people to change in some way. For example, it could be to change the way they think about something. Or it could be to change the way they do things. Finally, it could be to persuade the audience to do something that they do not do now. Your speech will be successful if at the end of your speech the audience is willing to make the change you suggested.

Some examples of a persuasive speech:

a) A lawyer trying to convince a jury

b) A salesclerk trying to persuade customers to buy a new product

c) A politician asking people to vote for her

d) A nurse persuading a patient to stop smoking

e) A student trying to get a friend to lend him some money

f) An environmentalist trying to get people to start thinking about the environment

Speech has many kinds of speech namely informative speech, persuasive speech, layout speech, and demonstration speech. The researcher chooses the informative speech in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speeches. The informative speech is from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) Speech on the Jakarta“Bombings”July18, 2009 (http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/) and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Senin, 30 Mei 2011 (http://www.eocommunity.com). The researcher chooses the informative speech because it has always used in the society. It will be easily to the academic contribution to understand the topic in the phenomena.

2.2.4 News Conference

A news conference or press conference is a media event in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask questions. A joint press conference instead is held between two or more talking sides. In a news conference, one or more speakers may make a statement, which may be followed by questions from reporters. Sometimes only questioning occurs; sometimes there is a statement with no questions permitted.

News conferences are often held by politicians (such as the President of the United States); by sports teams; by celebrities or film studios; by commercial organizations to promote products; by attorneys to promote lawsuits; and by almost anyone who finds benefit in the free publicity afforded by media coverage. Some people, including many police chiefs, hold news conferences reluctantly in order to avoid dealing with reporters individually. A news conference is often announced by sending an advisory or news release to assignment editors, preferably well in advance. Sometimes they are held spontaneously when several reporters gather around a newsmaker.

News conferences can be held just about anywhere, in settings as formal as the White House room set aside for the purpose to as informal as the street in front of a crime scene. Hotel conference rooms and courthouses are often used for news conferences (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_conference).

The purpose of a press conference is to convene the media, release new information to them, to highlight an upcoming action, or call on Congress or another official to take action on your issue. Generally, there are two types of press conferences - reactive and proactive. Reactive press conferences respond to breaking news, and proactive ones are done at your initiative to create or announce a story. It is important to make sure you have "news" to deliver. Otherwise, you risk damaging your reputation as a credible news source (http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/ the-press-conference.html).

2.2.5 Ethos in Traditional Rhetoric

According to Aristotle in Hoffman and Ford (2010: 26) that in discussing ethos, contended that a speaker could persuade an audience by showing himself (rhetors were all men in ancient Greece) to be a good person. He wrote that.

the character the speaker is a cause of persuasion when the speech is so uttered as to make him worthy to belief; for as a rule we trust men of probity more, and more qickly, about things in general, while on points outside the realm of exact knowledge, where opinion is divided, we trust absolutely. (p.8)

In other words, Aristotle argued that we always trust honest people more readily, and we rely on our judgement of honesty even more when the issue is one on which people disagree.

According to Aristotle (trans. 1932), a speaker with persuasive power of ethos had three qualities ― intelligence, character, and goodwill. Intelligence is fairly-explanatory. An intelligent rhetor has made wise decisions based on knowledge and ability. The criterion of character compares the beliefs and actions of rhetors against the standard of the society in which they operate. Goodwill refers to whether or not rhetors demonstrate concerns of their audiences.

Rooted in the ideas of Aristotle, the five canons of rhetoric describe the five basic ingredients of any speech-the most traditional form of rhetoric. The five canons are as follows:

1) Invention – the development of ideas and support

At this stage, speakers explore the topic and researching audiences for find the most appropriate method of persuasion. For Aristotle rhetoric none other than the ability to determine in certain events and certain situations, the existing methods of persuasion. In this stage also, the speaker formulate goals and collect materials (arguments) that match with the needs of audiences.

2) Organization – the order in which ideas appear

At this stage, the speakers make speeches or organize messages. Aristotle called Taxis which mean division. Messages must be divided into several sections that are logically related. Following composition follow the habits of human thought: an introduction, statements, arguments, and epilogue. According to Aristotle, the introduction serves to attract attention, growing credibility (ethos), and explain the purpose.

3) Style – the use of language

At this stage speakers choose words and use language right to "pack" the message. Aristotle said that use appropriate language, correct and rhyme were discovered, select the words a clear and direct sentences convey the beautiful, noble, and alive,
and adjust the language with the message, audience and speaker.

4) Memory – how rhetoric is committed in memory

At this stage the speaker should remember what he wanted conveyed, by regulating the speech materials. Aristotle suggested "donkey bridge" to facilitate memory.

5) Delivery – the way that verbal and nonverbal actions contribute to the speech

At this stage, the speaker delivered his message orally. Here acting very influential. Speakers should pay attention to sound and body movements.

From the statement above, it will help the researcher to explain whether the SBY’s speeches are as good as the rule of the speech and to know the character of SBY’s speeches.

2.2.6 SBY’s Speeches Opinion

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, also known by his initials SBY, won over voters in Indonesia’s first democratic elections. There are some opinions about the SBY’s speeches. First, “Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) Speech about the Bombing” by Elisheva Wiriaatmadja (The writer is a lecturer and consultant on public affairs issues of ASEAN, and president director at ASEAN Outreach) on July 18th, 2009. She says that SBY expressed his anger towards those behind the bombings in a press conference held at the Presidential Palace in Jakarta. SBY said there is a possibility that the real target of the bombing was actually himself, considering that this has happened only shortly after the presidential election where SBY was leading by 61%. The result of the election has not been announced yet but it does seem to be an obvious and easy win for SBY. In the press conference that Friday afternoon after the bombing, SBY held up intelligence supplied photographs of himself which he claimed had been used as target practice by hooded men.

However, SBY still urged that this be given top priority in investigation to find out what the bombing was really about. It may be related to the presidential election but it may also be another Islamist terrorist attack after 5 years of peace since the last bombing in 2004. Indonesia has fought hard against Islamist terrorist, helped by foreign governments, especially Australia. Here is a quote of the Australian online news, the Australian. No country has done more, or better, than Indonesia in fighting Islamist terrorism. There have been hundreds of arrests, dozens of transparent trials that have educated a skeptical Indonesian public about the intentions and capabilities of the Islamist groups. Hundreds of people have gone to jail long-term. A society-wide consensus has been forged against terrorism. The biggest and most influential Islamic groups all condemn terrorism without qualification. Indonesia has not done all this to please Washington, still less to please Australia. The nation has taken this stand because it reflects Indonesia’s values and interests and identity. Indonesia is not a permissive environment for terrorism. Yet seven years after the Bali bombings, Islamist terrorists can still blow up a five-star hotel, the JW Marriott which they bombed five years ago (http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/).

Secondly opinions, the article is talking about “SBY Tak Perlu Keluhkan SMS Gelap ke Publik” (http://id.berita.yahoo.com) TRIBUNNEWS.COM, JAKARTA - Wakil Ketua DPR, Pramono Anung sangat menyayangkan pidato Presiden SBY yang merespon beredarnya pesan singkat gelap yang mengaku berasal dari Nazaruddin dan berisi "borok-borok" Partai Demokrat dan SBY.

Seharusnya SBY sebagai presiden memerhatikan kabar-kabar dan informasi di sosial media seperti Twitter dan Facebook.

"Ya tentunya sebagai presiden dan kepala negara SBY perlu mendengarkan banyak hal termasuk di sosial media. Lebih arif ini tidak secara langsug disampaikan SBY karena SBY simbol kita semua," ujar Pramono di gedung DPR, Jakarta, Senin(30/5/2011).

Menurut Pramono, kalau disampaikan secara langsung dikhawatirkan akan muncul kegusaran. Dengan adanya Twitter dan Facebook, lanjut Pramono, jarak antara pimpinan dan masyarakat semakin dekat.

"Kalau secara langsung ada kegusaran. Dengan konteks ini dengan adanya Twitter, jarak antara pimpinan dan masyarakat umum semakin dekat. Kalau saya lihat pribadi suara publik di sosial media harus memperkaya sikap pemerintah terhadap apa-apa yang jadi konsen publik. Bukan kemudian memberikan sosial warning. Jadi tidak perlu meminta tindak lanjut," jelasnya.

Sementara itu terkait tindak lanjut SMS dari Singapura tersebut, Pramono menilai hal itu sudah pasti terregistrasi dan tak perlu SBY sebagai Presiden menindaklanjutinya.

"Kalau soal tindak lanjut SMS dari Singapura nomor bisa prabayar.Karena kalau nomor bagus pasti teregistrasi, jadi tidak perlu pak SBY yang melakukan itu cukup suruh direktur atau BIN tindak lanjuti. Tidak perlu minta tindak lanjut," tandasnya.

Those are the phenomena which are telling about the SBY’s speech opinion. Based on the opinion above, the researcher is going to find the fact of those opinions by his speech. SBY is the first man in Indonesia. Many people are always be waiting for his policy. He is the second leading as a president and nowadays so many issues in the society have talked about his leadership. That is why the researcher chooses SBY to be the object of this research. From those phenomena, the researcher will describe about SBY speeches will be analyzing by the theory about realization of speech function in mood. The researcher wants to cover up the theory about realization of speech function in mood in SBY speeches.

2.3 Mood and Residue

2.3.1 Mood

Language is a natural part of the process of living; it is also used to store the experience built up in the course of that process, both personal and collective. It is (among other things) a tool for representing knowledge or, to look at this in terms of language itself, for constructing meaning. Grammar is part of' this resource. But the relation of grammar to other parts of the linguistic system is not a part to whole relation; rather, it is a symbolic one. Grammar is a resource for creating meaning in the form of wordings. For Halliday, grammar is always seen as meaningful (1994: p. xvii):

A language … is a system for making meanings: a semantic system, with other systems for encoding the meanings it produces. The term ‘semantics’ does not simply refer to the meanings of words; it is the entire system of meanings of a language, expressed by grammar as well as by vocabulary. In fact the meanings are encoded in ‘wordings’: grammatical sequences, or ‘syntagms’, consisting of items of both kinds – lexical items such as most verbs and nouns, grammatical items like the and of and if, as well as those of an in between type such as prepositions.

To illustrate this point by reference to one broad area of semantics and grammar an area that it will characterize as interpersonal: this is one of three such general areas, the other two being ideational and textual.

Halliday’s functional grammar is based on the premise that language has three major functions, metafunction, for its users; it is a means of reflecting on things, and a means of acting on things-though the only things it is possible to act on by means of a symbolic systems such as language are humans (and some animals). Halliday calls these two functions the ideational function and the interpersonal function. Both these functions rely on a third, the textual function, which enables the other two to be realized, and which ensures that the language used is relevant.

In its interpersonal function, as an interactive event, an exchange between speakers, the clause in English is organized in terms of mood. Mood is the relationship between the grammatical subjects of the clause. So any indicative clause-a clause which has a subject and a finite element will have a mood structure. Subject and finite together make up the proposition of the clause, the part that can be affirmed, denied, questioned, and negotiated by speakers in other ways (wished about, hoped for, demanded, etc).

According to Radford (2004: 462), mood: this is a term describing inflectional properties of finite verbs. (Auxiliary and non-auxiliary) verbs in English can be in the indicative mood, subjunctive mood or imperative mood; examples of each type of mood are given by italicized verb forms in the following: ‘He hates [=indicative] spaghetti’; ‘The court ordered that he be [=subjunctive] detained indefinitely’: ‘Keep [=imperative] quiet!’ The mood of the verb determines aspects of the interpretation of the relevant clause, so that e.g. subjunctive verbs occur in irrealis clause. On other word, according to Morley (2000: 98); Mood in the (main) clause reflects whether the clause contains a subject, and whether it contains a predicator and a finite element, and in what form, and it has an impact on the nature of the word order. According to Thompson (1996: 42) explains about the identifying Subject and Finite and Mood in non-declarative clauses.

In the other hand, according to Martin (1992: 31) concerns with the semantics of mood in English (the grammatical description of mood proposed in Halliday 1976b: 105-110). Its basic concern will be to interpret mood from a discourse perspective as a resource for negotiating meaning in dialogue. It considers two central mood systems, which classify English clauses as three basic types of interact are described in the following Martin (1992: 31) in Fig.1.2:

declarative

Indicative

interrogative

imperative

Figure 1.2: Two mood systems

Traditionally, these systems and structures have come to be viewed as formal ones-the basic syntax of the English clause. Halliday (1984a, 1985a) on the other hand suggests that proposes a semantic perspective on the grammatical labels along the following lines, fleshing out the paradigm with an additional category which is not grammaticalised in mood at the very general level of delicacy outlined, which is described in the following Martin (1992: 32) in Table. 1.3:

	Giving	Demanding
Good & Services	Offer	Command
Information	Statement	Question

Table. 1.3 : Semantic interpretation of central mood systems

Offer and Commands are grouped together by Halliday as proposals, Statements and Commands as propositions:

Proposals:

Offer Can I get you a drink?

Command Get me a drink, would you?

Propositions:

Statement There’s lots of beer.

Question Is there any Tooheys?

Semantically oriented labels of this kind highlight the meaning of the grammatical terms (in this case, their typical function in dialogue) and are used throughout Halliday (1985a) to focus on the grammar as a functionally organized meaning making resource (rather than as a syntax, or set of forms).

Offer Can I get you a drink?

Acknowledge offer - Yes, thanks.

Command Get me a drink, will you?

Response offer to command - Alright, I will

Statement The match is at 2 pm.

Acknowledge statement - Oh, is it?

Question What time’s the match?

Response statement to question - At 2 pm.

The grammar then makes available resources for trying an initiation to a response and for orienting the exchange to goods and services or information and to giving or demanding (declarative, interrogative, and imperative). The mood systems considered to this point are along with the speech function network which is realized in the following Martin (1992: 35).

declarative

indicative polar wh ellipsis

interrogative

imperative wh

clause ellipsis

mood implicit

residue ellipsis substitution

Figure 1.3 : Mood – key systems

2.3.1.1 Identifying Subject and Finite

The elements of mood are grammatically Subject and Finite, in case of clause, Subject and Finite are always together that cannot separated one and another. By involving the meaning in a clause in details can be said that the linguistic experiences are exchanged as statement, question, order or command which is stated by Subject. In other words, Subject is the element being an argument (responsible) of statement, question, order or command. It means that Subject is being focused in social interaction.

Finite is the formulation of modus. Finite also is as marker (verbal operator) of modus. There are two elements of group or verbal in English, they are Finite itself which indicated time of the clause and on the major verb. The words Finite are do, does, did, is, am, are, was, were, will, shall, should, would, have, has, and had. Traditionally they are called Auxiliary Verbs. Mood in English is realized by the position in the clause of the Subject and Finite.

It is usually relatively easy to identify the Subject, and only a little less difficult to identify the Finite, but in cases of doubt (at least in declarative clauses) we can establish exactly what the Subject and Finite of any clause are by adding a tag question if one is not already present (Thompson, 1996: 42). For example:

There, that didn’t hurt, did it?

A tag question repeats the two elements in the Mood at the end of the clause: the Finite is made explicit, even if it is fused with the lexical in the clause, and the Subject is picked up by the pronoun in the tag. Table 1.4 shows the links that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 42).

She Ted Running a hotel These two quotes	was wouldn’t isn’t [present]	shopping in town have married her as easy it might look exemplify many of the points	wasn’t [would [is [don’t]	she? he?] it?] they?]
Subject	Finite		F	S

Table 1.4: Tags showing Subject and Finite

One implication of this method of identifying the Subject is that it leads us to include certain things that are not traditionally called Subjects, especially ‘empty it’ and ‘there’ in clauses like those shown in Table 1.5.

Most of the Subject in the examples so far has been relatively simple; but the nominal group functioning as Subject may be much more complex, especially in certain genres such as academic articles. For example, there may be a complex nominal group consisting of more than one constituent functioning that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 43).

It It There	‘s was should	pouring down outside half past seven be another one like this	isn’t wasn’t [shouldn’t	it? it? there?]
Subject	Finite		F	S

Table 1.5: ‘it’ and ‘there’ as Subject

together as Subject (the Subject is in italics):

The loss of his father’s fortune and his father’s subsequent death, along with the general decline in the family’s circumstance, decreases the number of servants in the household [don’t they?]

The nominal group may include a postmodifying embedded clause:

Those who read these stories in the order in which they are printed will observe the growing proliferation of his style [won’t they?]

The subject function may also be performed by an embedded clause on its own, functioning as the equivalent of a nominal group:

To remark of Brooksmith that ‘the scaffolding of this tale rests upon he existence of a class-stratified society’ is silly [isn’t it?]

With regard to this last example, it is worth noting that, when the Subject is an embedded clause, it is actually far more common to find an anticipatory ‘it’ in the normal Subject position, with the embedded clause itself appearing at the end of the clause of which it is subject. In this case, both ‘it’ and the embedded clause are labeled as Subject:

In general, however, it is best to modernize only the spelling.

It’s a real pain having to share in cold water.

It has been found that a significant number of children turn up at school being able to read.

It was from that sort of nonsense that he escaped the following year.

It is this latter question which is often ignored.

Whereas the Subject function may be carried out by any nominal group of the kinds illustrated above, the Finite is drawn from a small number of verbal operators. These can be divided into two main groups: those which express tense (‘be’, ‘have’ and ‘do’, plus ‘be’ as the marker of passive voice) and those which express modality (‘can’, ‘may’, ‘could’, ‘might’, ‘must’, ‘would’, ‘shall’, ‘should’, ‘ought to’). ‘Will’ and ‘would’can be included in the tense as well as the modality group, because of their particular uses in signaling the future. There are some less central operators, e.g. ‘used to’ for tense and ‘have to’ and ‘needn’t’ for modality; and a few marginal ones that tend to be restricted to semi-idiomatic uses, e.g. ‘dare’ is Finite in ‘How dare you talk to me like that?’.

From that theory, it can analyze many kinds of sentences in SBY’s speeches to get subject and finite element which is easy way to find the using SBY’s speeches.

2.3.1.2 Mood in Non-Declarative Clauses

The Mood also has a crucial function in signaling speech roles. The basic pattern is that the presence of subject and Finite in the clause signals that the clause is indicative rather than imperative; and within this category, the ordering of the two elements distinguishes between declarative (Subject, then Finite) and interrogative (Finite, then Subject). The following tables are derived on the basic of idea developing by Thompson: 1996, 47).

Assessment We	Will [present]	paint well enough? have anything in common?
Subject	Finite
Mood

Table 1.6: Mood in declarative clause

Can Do	He We	paint well enough? have anything in common?
Subject	Finite
Mood

Table 1.7: Mood in yes/no interrogative clauses

In yes/no interrogative, it is primarily the polarity of the message which the speaker wants the listener to specify (‘He can or can’t paint well enough?’), and for thematic reasons, the speaker typically begins with the Finite, which is the part of the Mood where polarity is signaled.

In WH-interrogatives, there are two conflicting functions at work. The interrogative purpose is reflecting in the fact that many WH-interrogatives have Finite preceding subject in the Mood. However, the primary purpose of a WH-interrogative is to demand that the listener fill in a missing part of the message; and the WH-element signals which part is missing. For example, the question ‘When is he leaving?’ can be seen as a demand for the other person to complete the message ‘He is leaving …. [time expression]…..’. Again for thematic reasons, the speaker typically begins with the WH-element (though occasionally find so-called ‘echo questions’ where the WH-element remains in the place where the missing part would normally go: ‘He’s leaving when?’). In some case, of course, it is the Subject that the speaker wants supplied; and thus the WH-Subject in fact appears before the Finite.

Exclamatives are like WH-interrogatives in that they have a WH-element, which typically comes first; but they have the Subject^Finite ordering of declarative clauses (remember that ^{(^)} is the symbol for ‘followed by’).

In imperative clauses, the unmarked form has no Mood. The Subject of a command) the person responsible for carrying it out) is not specified, since it can only be the addressee (‘you’) that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 48).

Why What How many	Did do are	the affair you there/	end? expect me to do?
	Finite	Subject
	Mood

Table 1.8: WH-interrogative with known Subject

Who What kind of idiot Who	‘s would [past]	been sleeping in my bed? do something like that? Typed out that note?
Subject / WH-	Finite
Mood

Table 1.9: WH-interrogative with WH-element as Subject

What an epitaph How simple	that it all	would [past]	make! seemed at the time.
	Subject	Finite
	Mood

Table 1.10: Mood in exclamative clauses

In interpersonal terms, an imperative is presented as not open to negotiation (which does not mean, of course, that the command well actually be obeyed), and thus most of the functions of the Finite are irrelevant: a command is absolute (there are no imperative forms of the modal verbs), and there is no need to specify time relevance since there is no choice (an imperative can only refer to an action not yet carried out, i.e. it can only refer to future time). The Finite may in fact appear in unmarked imperatives, but it has a restricted purpose: it is used only to signal negative polarity.

There are, however, marked forms of imperatives in which the Subject may appear; and the Finite may also be used for emphasis that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 49).

Don’t		Go away Answer no more than three of the following questions Look at me like that.
Finite	[Subject]
Mood

Table 1.11: Unmarked imperative clauses

Do Don’t	You You	listen to me, young man. hurry up, for goodness sake. take that tone of voice to me.
Finite	Subject
Mood

Table 1.12: Marked imperative clauses

Thompson has mentioned that the Finite here in not a ‘normal’ Finite with the normal range of functions; this is reflecting in the fact that it is not the same form as appears if a tag is added at the end of an imperative clause:

Don’t tell him anything, will you?

There is in fact a second kind of imperative clause, where the understood subject is not ‘you’ but ‘you and me’: this is the ‘let’s’ form. Halliday (1994: 87) argues that ‘let’s’ itself ‘is best interpreted as a wayward form of the Subject’. In support of this, he mentions that there is an unmarked negative form ‘don’t let’s’ and an emphatic form ‘do let’s’. The suggested analyses are shown in Table 1.13 that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 49).

Don’t Do	Let’s let’s let’s	cail it a day. argue about it. try and get it right this time.
Finite	Subject
Mood

Figure 1.13: Let’s imperative clause

The tag in these cases is ‘shall we?’

Identifying mood in non-declarative clause explains about analyzing mood in the sentence of the non-declarative clause. It can help to analyzing mood in non-declarative clause in SBY’s speeches. Mood has divided into three kinds of mood such as subjunctive mood or imperative mood, declarative mood, and interrogative mood. Mood in non-declarative clause will help to analyzing mood in non-declarative clause because speech has many kinds of clause in the sentence. If there is non-declarative clause in the speech, it can be easier to analyzing mood in non-declarative clause.

2.3.1.3 Kinds of Mood

According to Lock (1996: 177) mood divided into four types of mood. Here, they are:

1. Declarative and Interrogative Moods

The distinction between declarative and interrogative moods depends on the ordering of Subject and Finite. The basic system, where ^ means followed by, is as follows:

Declarative Subject^Finite

Wh-interrogative: wh- Finite^Subject

Yes-no interrogative: Finite^Subject

The Finite is always the first constituent of a verb group, while the remaining constituents of the verb group function as Predicator, for example:

Declarative

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

(1) You should insulate yourself with a sleeve…..

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

(2) We have already been searching for the answer….

Interrogative

FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR

(1) Can you be leaving before eight?

FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR

(2) Will you be leaving before eight?

Note: that in declarative mood, Finite and Predicator are often fused (i.e., the finite verb group consists only of a head), for example:

SUBJECT FINITE/

PREDICATOR

(1) They put the books in the box. [inv]

SUBJECT FINITE/

PREDICATOR

(2) Examples of these ecological niches include…..

For emphatic versions of such declarative clauses, Finite and Predicator are separated and the Finite is realized by forms of the auxiliary do, for example:

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

(1) They did put the books in the box.

SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

(2) Examples of these ecological niches do include……

Similarly, in interrogative mood clauses where there is no other auxiliary, form of do function as Finite, for example:

FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR

(1) Did they put the books in the boxes?

Wh- FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR

(2) When did you come here?

One exception to the use of do where there is no other auxiliary is with the verb be. Even when it is a lexical verb (i.e., is not an auxiliary), it does not form interrogative mood or emphatic declarative mood with do. Instead, the Finite and Predicator remain combined and both precede the Subject. Thus, the yes-no interrogative form of

SUBJECT FINITE/

PREDICATOR

(1) Last Monday was a holiday.

FINITE/

PREDICATOR SUBJECT

(2) Was last Monday a holiday?

FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR

(3) Did last Monday be a holiday?

An exception to the Finite^Subject ordering of interrogative mood clauses is where the Wh- word is itself the Subject. In such cases, the order is simply Wh-^Finite, as in:

Wh-/SUBJECT FINITE

(1) Who has been eating my porridge?

Declarative and interrogative moods explain about analyzing subject and finite element in the declarative and interrogative sentence. Subject and finite is the term of mood. It will be analyzing mood in the declarative and interrogative sentence by the SBY’s speeches.

2. Imperative mood

The imperative mood expresses direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Imperative mood clauses are typically realized by a Predicator in the V (base) form of the verb, with no explicit Subject or Finite, for example.

(1) ……. sit on your bottom….

(2) …….leave me alone.

The Subject in such imperative clauses is understood to be you, and many grammarians would regard such imperative mood clauses as cases of Subject omission (technically ellipsis). The Subject is in fact sometimes stated, as in these directives given by the same primary teacher quoted earlier.

(1) ……you make it beautiful.

(2) …..you boys go and sit over there.

The Finite auxiliary do may also sometimes be used in imperative mood clauses. This normally has the effect of making the directive more polite in some contexts to the extent of being an invitation rather

(1) Do come in. [inv]

However, many speakers find these forms rather old-fashioned and prefer to mark the politeness by using please rather than do (e.g., please come in ). Imperative mood is one of the types of mood so it can help the researcher to analyzing mood in the imperative sentence of the SBY’s speeches.

3. Exclamative mood

Exclamative mood clauses typically have the form what-Object/Complement^Subject^Finite or how Complement^Adjunct^Subject^Finite, for example:

OBJECT SUBJECT FINITE/

PREDICATOR

(1) What nonsense you talk [inv]

COMPLEMENT SUBJECT FINITE PREIDICATOR

(2) What A fool I ‘ve been! [inv]

COMPLEMENT SUBJECT FINITE/

PREDICATOR

(3) How foolish you are! [inv]

ADJUNCT SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR

(4) How quickly it has changed!

Note also that the speech act exclamation is also often realized by a clause with no Subject, Finite, or Predicator (technically a minor clause), as in the following.

(1) What a mess!

(2) How stupid!

Exclamative sentence is also one of the part sentences in the speech because speech has built in many kinds of sentences so the researcher will be able to analyzing mood in exclamative sentence.

4. Mood and Polarity

Declarative, interrogative, and imperative mood can each be combined with positive or negative polarity. Most of the examples considered so far have had positive polarity. For negative polarity, the negative particle not (or n’t) directly follows the Finite. Where there is no other auxiliary, the auxiliary do again functions as Finite. The following are examples of declarative, interrogative, and imperative clauses with negative polarity (Finite and negative particle are underlined).

(1) Developing countries may not benefit at all from the new order.

(2) She probably didn’t mean to hurt him.

(3) Don’t you believe me?

(4) What haven’t we done yet?

(5) Don’t just rest on your laurels.

(6) Don’t you touch that!

2.3.2 Residue

The general term for part of the clause that is not the Mood is the Residue. There are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator, Complements, and Adjuncts. Residue is modal function in the interpretation of the clause as representation. The part of the clause does not constitute the mood, namely the predicator, complements, and (non-modal) adjuncts. The earlier term was Proposition. Residue is different from Predicate in the logical / traditional Subject ^ Predicate analysis in a number of respects. For instance, it only includes the Predicator part of the verbal group, not the Finite (http://web.mac.com/cmatthie_Glossary.html).

2.3.2.1 The Predicator

The predicator is expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite. The predicator is what there is of the verbal group in addition to the finite – if there is one; some clauses, known as non-finite clauses, have only a predicator ‘for example eating curds and whey (Halliday,1985: 78). It has four functions (ibid., p. 79):

(i)It specifies time reference other than reference to the time of the speech event, i.e. ‘secondary’ tense: pat, present, or future relative to the primary tense…. (ii) It specifies various other aspects and phases like seeming, trying, hoping…. (iii) It specifies the voice: active or passive …..(iv) It specifies the process (action, event, mental process, relation) that is predicated of the Subject. These can be exemplified from the verbal group has been trying to be heard, where the Predicator, been trying to be heard, expresses (i) a complex secondary tense, been + ing; (ii) a conative phase, try + to; (iii) passive voice, be + -d; (iv) the mental process hear.

There can be only one Predicator in any clause, and there must be a Predicator in any major clause (i.e. a ‘major clause’ means a clause which includes a Predicator). Since the Finite is not part of the Predicator, the Predicator itself is non-finite. This can be seen most clearly from the fact that there are non-finite clauses which have a Predicator but no Finite (they normally have no Subject either), for example, the clause in italics in this sentence:

Tim stood for a while gazing at the cliff.

(where ‘gazing’ is the Predicator in the non-finite second clause, while ‘stood’ is the Finite + Predicator in the first clause).

The Predicator obviously expresses the process – the action, happening, state, etc. in which the subject is involved. In addition, it may perform three other functions. The first is to specify ‘secondary tense’, that is, time reference other than the immediate link to the time of speaking. For example (the Predicator is in italics):

Oh, we’ll have finished by six o’clock for sure.

Here, the Finite ‘’ll’ indicates that the proposition is valid for a time in the future from the time of speaking; ‘have (finish)ed’, on the other hand, indicated that the event of finishing will take place at a time before the reference point in the future (‘six o’clock’) which has been set up – compare ‘We’ll finish at six o’clock’, where there is no secondary tense expressed. The second function is to specify various other aspects of the process, such as starting, trying, achieving or continuing the process. For example:

He has managed to charge visitors for admission to the churches.

Here ‘manage to’, despite being the ‘main verb’ in traditional terms, is not the main process, which is expressed by ‘charge’ – it tells us that the process has been successfully carried out. Finally, the Predicator also specifies the voice: active or passive.

Another diplomat had been shot in Piccadilly.

It is worth mentioning that ‘be’ has a special status in that, strictly speaking, the simple present and past forms consist of Finite with no Predicator. Whereas other verbs need a separate verbal operator ‘do’ to express the Finite (e.g. in yes/no interrogatives) ‘be’ does not: we say “Are you comfortable?’ rather than ‘Do you be comfortable?’ For many (but not all) speakers of English, ‘have’ behaves in the same way when it means ‘posses’: ‘Have you any wool?’ and ‘You haven’t any wool, have you?’. However, other speakers will normally say ‘Do you have’ (treating ‘have’ as a normal Predicator with a separate Finite) or ‘Have you got’ (where ‘have’ is the verbal operator functioning as Finite, and the Predicator is ‘got’); and many speakers, like myself, alternate between these three different options. In analyzing ‘be’ and ‘have’ in the cases described here, it is simplest just to label the Finite and not have a slot labeled ‘Predicator’.

2.3.2.2 The Complement

The clause may include one or two Complements. According to Malmkjaer (2001: 145) the complement is anything that could have functioned as the subject in the clause, but which does not, including, thus, nominal groups realizing what other grammarians tend to refer to as direct and indirect objects. In the following groups of examples, the Complements are in italics in the first sentence, while the subsequent sentences in the group are reworded to show how the Complement could have been the Subject:

He brought her pamphlets on the Middle East situation.

She was brought pamphlets on the Middles East situation.

Pamphlets on the Middle East situation were brought.

Kate did not like this at all.

This did not please Kate at all.

The strongest shape is the triangle.

The triangle is the strongest shape.

There is, however, one kind of Complement which cannot become Subject. This is the Attribute in a relational process.

Interviewing politicians is always entertaining.

The positions of an attributive Complement and Subject may sometimes be reversed, but this does not affect their roles – the ordering is for thematic purposes. In the following example, ‘the issue of rate of decay’ remains the subject:

Of greater interest is the issue of rate of decay.

2.3.2.3 Adjuncts

The clause may also contain one or more Adjuncts. Indeed, it may include quite a large number; it is relatively easy to find examples like the following, with six Adjuncts, which do not sound unnatural or unwieldy:

In an attempt to limit the potential damage, John Prescott yesterday met privately with suspended party members in Walsall over allegations of intimidation.

The role of Adjuncts is typically performed by an adverbial group or a prepositional phrase: in the above example, ‘yesterday’ and ‘privately’ are adverbial groups, while the remaining four Adjuncts are prepositional phrases. Adjuncts cannot in themselves be chosen as Subject – that is the main difference between Adjuncts and Complements. However, a prepositional phrase has its own internal structure, consisting of a preposition followed by a Complement; and this Complement may in certain circumstances be lifted out of the Adjuncts to become Subject, leaving behind a truncated Adjunct consisting simply of the preposition:

Had no one thought of that? Hadn’t that been thought of?

It may also conflate with Complement or Adjunct, that is, it may be asking the other person to supply the Complement or Adjunct on order to complete the message. In the first example below, ‘what’ is Complement, while in the second ‘how far’ is Adjunct.

What would you have done?

How far have you got to go?

The same in fact applies to other WH-elements, not just those in interrogatives. In the relative clauses in the following examples (in italics) ‘who’ is Subject in the first, while ‘whose unpronounceable name’ is Complement in the second:

She thought all the time of Ben, who was a prisoner somewhere.

There was a visiting American Professor, whose unpronounceable name she immediately forgot.

And in the following reported clause (in italics), ‘why’ is Adjunct (standing in for something like ‘he chose history for a certain reason’):

I don’t know why he chose history.

There is one further step it must take before it has completed the identification of all the elements in the Mood – Residue analysis. In the discussion above, it has treated all Adjuncts as if they formed a single type of constituent for the purposes of the analysis that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 53).

Was	Lying	on his back.
Finite	Predicator	Adjunct
Residue

On the following day		he		did not		Go		Out		early.
Adjunct		Subject		Finite		Predicator		Adjunct		Adjunct
		Mood
Residue
Why	did		you		leave		the convent		so suddenly?
Adjunct /WH-	Finite		Subject		Predicator		Complement		Adjunct
	Mood
Residue

It	[past]	occurred	to me	on a recent conference trip	that my summary is destined to become truer than I thought
S-	Finite	Predicator	Adjunct	Adjunct	-ubject
		Residue
Mood

Table 1.14: Analyzing Mood and Residue

However, it in fact needs to distinguish three types of Adjunct, each of which is treated differently. The Adjuncts in Figure 15 all contribute to the experiential meaning of the clause – they tell us things like when, or how, or where, or why the event happened.

All of the explanation above, residue is one of the important things to analyze mood in the speech. The residue has three kinds of functional elements namely: predicator, complement, and adjunct. Those are helping to find out the component of residue in the speech.

2.6 Mood in Bahasa Indonesia

According to Sneddon (1996: 309) sentences can be classified according to the basic reason for their utterance. This is usually called mood and mode. The four moods recognized here are statements, questions, imperatives, and exclamations.

2.6.1 Statement

Statements are used when we give information, express an opinion and so on. Statements are sometimes said to be in the declarative mood.

2.6.2 Questions

Questions are sometimes said to be in the interrogative mood. There are two types of question; yes-no questions. In both types –kah can occur to mark the construction as a question. Questions can be placed within statements. These are called indirect questions.

Yes – No Questions

Questions which seek the answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ are yes-no questions:

Kamu lapar?

Are you hungry?

Tidak.

(The answer might not be a simple positive or negative; there are many other responses, such as kadang-kadang ‘sometimes’, mungkin ‘possibly’, and so on).

Yes-no questions are spoken with interrogative intonation, marked by a rise in final pitch, and written with a final question mark. Frequently intonation (a question mark in writing) is the only difference between a statement, marked by a fall in final pitch, and a yes-no question:

Sri sudah pulang.

Sri has gone home.

Sri sudah pulang?

Has Sri gone home?

Dia guru?

Is he a teacher?

A yes-no question does not usually have a different word order from the corresponding statement. However, if boleh occurs it usually precedes the subject:

Boleh saya masuk?

May I come in?

A yes-no question can be made overtly interrogative by placing apa or apakah before it. This is more common in writing and formal speech:

Apa ini hari Selasa?

Is this Tuesday?

Apakah dia guru?

Is she a teacher?

In this context apa(kah), which is here called a question marker, has no lexical function but simply signals that what follows is a question. It must be distinguished from the question word apa ‘what’:

Apa dia sudah makan?

Has she eaten?

Dia sudah makan apa?

What has she eaten?

The first sentence above contains the questions marker apa, which can be omitted:

Dia sudah makan?

Has she eaten?

In the second sentence apa ‘what’ is the object of the verb and can not be omitted. If question marker apa does not occur –kah can be attached to another word to signal that the construction is a question, that word usually being placed first in the clause:

Sudahkah dia makan?

Has she had the meal?

Indirect specific questions can occur as object or complement of a verb:

Saya tidak tahu mengapa rapat itu dibatalkan.

I don’t know why the meeting was cancelled.

Saya lupa di mana saya menyimpan surat itu.

I forget where I put the letter.

The indirect question can be the subject in a passive clause; it usually follows the verb:

Belum diketahui siapa yang akan menjadi dekan.

It isn’t known yet who will become the dean.

An indirect yes-no question must be preceded by apa(kah), translated ‘if, whether’, as the question loses its interrogative intonation there is no other signal that it is a question. Like indirect specific questions these can occur as object or complement or as subject in a passive clause:

Kami ragu-ragu apa dia bisa lulus ujian.

We are doubtful whether he can pass the exam.

Saya tidak tahu apakah bis ini berhenti di Pasar Senen.

I don’t know if this bus stops at Pasar Senen.

Yes-no questions ending with atau plus a negative can also become indirect questions:

Dia bertanya apa mereka setuju atau tidak.

He asked if they agreed or not.

Saya tidak tahu apakah ini Pak Amran atau bukan.

I don’t know if this is Mr Amran or not.

2.6.3 Imperatives

Constructions in imperative mood are all addressed to someone with the intention that something is done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals and suggestions.

Basic imperatives are usually written with a final exclamation mark, although this convention is not always oberserved, especially if the order is a mild one.

1. Intransitive verbs in imperatives

Intransitive verbs undergo no change in imperatives:

Datang ke sini!

Come here!

Berangkat sekarang!

Leave now!

2. Transitive verbs in imperatives

Transitive verbs drop prefix meN- if they refer to action performed on a specific object:

Lihat foto ini!

Look at this photo!

Tutup pintu!

Shut the door!

A transitive verb in an imperative construction does not lose its prefix if it occurs without an object, that is, if acting pseudo-intransitivelly:

Membaca sekarang!

Read now!

Menulis baik-baik!

Write properly!

Prefix meN- is also retained if an object occurs but does not refer to something specific:

Menabung uang untuk hari tuamu!

Save your money for old age!

Membaca buku sekarang!

Read the book now!

Such constructions refer to action in general, not a particular action performed on a specific object. Interest is thus on the activity alone and the ‘object’ can be regarded as forming a kind of compound with the verb. Thus, in the last example above, membaca buku acts like an intransitive verb ‘do book reading’.

2.6.4 Exclamations

Utterances in exclamatory mood express the speaker’s feelings or attitude, usually in an amphetic way. They are often uttered forcefully and in writing this may be indicated by an exclamation mark. Exclamations may in single words.

1. Interjections

Many exclamations are single words, also called interjections, which are usually uttered as an immediate reaction to some event to express surprise, anger, and so on. There are a great many interjections; gloses to the following few examples do not attempt to catch the precise force of the Indonesian:

Aduh!

Oh! Oh dear!

Astaga!

Good heavens! Heaven forbid!

Brengsek!

Useless! (exclamation of disapproval)

Cis!

Bah! Tut! (exclamation of disgust)

Kasihan!

Poor thing! What a pity!

A basic exclamation can be followed by a noun phrase indicating the person or thing having the quality referred to. The adjective corresponds to the predicate in a basic adjective clause and the noun phrase corresponds to the subject of such a clause. Each of the eclamatory sentences below is preceded by the basic clause corresponding to it:

Cerita itu lucu.

That story is funny.

Betapa lucunya cerita itu!

Gosh that story is funny!

Malapetaka yang menimpa mereka besar.

The disaster which struck them was great.

Alangkah besarnya malapetaka yang menimpa mereka!

How great was a disaster which struck them!

The adjective in an exclamatory clause may correspond to an adverb in a basic clause. In this case it is followed by a subject-perdicate structure. For each of the following examples a basic clause containing an adverb is first given, followed by the exclamatory sentence based on it;

Mbak Koes menerima kami dengan ramah.

Mbak Khoes received us hospitably.

Bukan main ramahnya Mbak Koes menerima kami!

How hospitably Mbak Koes received us!

2. Coordination of phrases and words

As well as linking clauses coordinators can link two phrases or words. The two elements linked must be of the same kind:

Laut yang bening dan tenang

A clear and calm sea

Murid yang pandai tetapi malas

A cleaver but a lazy pupil

Pak dan Bu Marto sudah lama kawin.

Mr and Mrs. Marti have been long married for a long time.

When two transitive verbs are coordinate they have the same subject and object. The subject, along with any components of the predicate covering both of verbs, occurs before the first verb and the object after the second verb:

Majikan tidak bisa sembarangan memperkerjakan dan membayar pembantunya.

An employeer can not employ and pay his servants just as his pleases

The speech functions are realized in moods. In Bahasa Indonesia, mood is realized not only by sequence of elements in some cases but also by particle kah attached to the element which is being negotiated in the exchange. Including a description of verbal group in the language, it is to show that there is special verbal category in the language, i.e. akan and bisa which behaves like finite in English in providing tense andmodality.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design

The researcher applies content analysis method. Krippendorf (2004: 18) says that content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use. The reference to text in the above definition is not intended to restrict content analysis to written material. The phrase "or other meaningful matter" is included in parentheses to indicate that in content analysis works of an, images, maps, sounds, signs, symbols, and even numerical records may be included as data that is, they may be considered as texts-provided they speak to someone about phenomena outside of what can be sensed or observed. That means speech is one of the phenomenon which consists of sounds and it recorded to written. The researcher will be proof to describe realization of speech functions in mood in the speech as documentation. The research is based on documentation.

Bogdan and Biklen ( 1992: 304) states official documents data include memos, minutes from meetings, newsletters, policy documents, books, proposals, codes of ethics, student’s records, statement of philosophy, news releases and the like. Based on the statement, speech is available to be researched.

3.2 Data Sources

The sources of data are by SBY’s speech on the Jakarta “Bombings” July 18, 2009 and SBY’s speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011 . From the problem of the study, the researcher concludes that the research instrument is using document. Document is data already available ready to be used by the researcher, so speech is one of documents.

3.3 Technique of Collecting Data

The data are collected through document by SBY’s Speech on the Jakarta “Bombings” July 17, 2009 and SBY’s speech about“SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011. Then, these data are available in the internet.

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis

According to Krippendorff (2004: 193) methods in content analysis largely address the making and processing of data and the application of analytical constructs that preserve some of the data's meanings, leading to valid inferences.

After gathering data from sources including documentation and collecting the data; the researcher analyzed the data by using the technique of analyze data. The technique of analysis defines what kind of information may or may not endow of the various information within data obtained. Technique of data analysis in this research is used to find out types of speech function, determining of speech function (statement, offer, command, question), and types of mood.

The procedures of data analysis that is applied can be seen as follows:

Table 1.15

The steps of the technique of data analysis

No.	PROCEDURES	PRODUCTS
1.	Identifying the data into the realization of speech function in mood	This step produced the four sides of speech functions; they are Statement, Question, Command, and Offer. Mood; they are Declarative, Interrogative, and Imperative.
2.	Identifying the dominant speech functions	This step produced the dominant the kinds of speech functions (Statement, Question, Command, and Offer) both of the speech.
3.	Reasoning for the use of the dominant speech functions	This step produced the result of the explaining about the dominant speech functions in the speeches.

3.4 Trustworthiness

Trustworthiness criteria of the study were used by triangulation. Denzin (1978) in Sibarani (2004: 305) states that three different modes of triangulation exist: sources, methods, and theories. In this study, the credibility of the research is achieved through:

1. Data (source) triangulation, which entails gathering data through the sources of SBY’s speeches namely the Jakarta “Bombings” July 17, 2009 and“SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011.

2. Theoretical triangulation, which refers to the use of more than one theoretical position in interpreting data.

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Research Findings

In analyzing the data, this research follows the step of data analysis; they are describing the data into the realization of speech function in mood, deriving the dominant speech functions, and reasoning for the use of the dominant speech functions. Those steps are to describe three problem of this research including the way of realization speech function in mood, the dominant using of speech function and the reason dominant using of speech function. In describing the data into the realization of speech function in mood, this is to aim the describing of speech function including statement, offer, command, and question in mood including declarative, interrogative, and imperative. This data described speech function in statement which has been many types. The speeches are taken by SBY such as SBY’s speech on the Jakarta “Bombings” July 18, 2009 and SBY’s speech about“SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011.

4.1.1 Realization of Speech Function in Mood

4.1.1.1 Realization of Speech Function

(1). Statement

a. First Speech: “Bombings”

The delicate speech functions by SBY are developed in a system network in Figure 1.4: system network of SBY’s speech function. This system network is developer with reference to Halliday (2004).

The system network indicated how the speech functions are developed from the basic speech functions of statement, question, offer, and command. The list of speech function is summarized in Table 1.16: List of speech function in SBY speech. They were:

Table 1.16

Lists of Statement in SBY’s Speech

No.	Type
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.	Clarification Suggestion Disappointment Achievement Information Affirmation Aim Fury Hope Promise Threat Blame Greeting Support Apprehensive Duty

It is described as the following:

1. Clarification is a speech function where the process clarification and elaborated when he informed in the speech.

For example: (1). This is a video recording of them practicing shooting

(2). Two men are shooting with handguns

2. Suggestion is one of the types speech function where put forward an idea or plan when he want to people think about the issue.

For example: (1). To prevent and exterminate terrorism and other crimes properly, the intelligence [agency] must be very sharp

(2). To all Indonesians, as you increase public alertness, stay at your work and live your lives normally

3. Disappointment is described the feeling disappointed or not as good as it had hoped.

For example: (1). Even, and this is a sad part, if the bombing did not occur, a legendary football club, Manchester United, would have played in Jakarta

(2). My fellow countrymen and women, with all of these brutal and thoughtless acts of terrorism, what we have built in the last five years with the labor and sweat of all Indonesians, once again must endure another shake and setback

4. Achievement is the process of success in doing something after a lot of effort.

For example: (1). Business, tourism, food self-sufficiency, investment, trade, real sectors, have all been moving favorably regardless of the global crisis

(2). With the growing economy, the welfare of our people was developing also, including the execution of poverty and unemployment eradication programs, which I usually mention as the Pro-People Program

5. Information is the process giving news or issue from the sources where SBY informed the all information to the society.

For example: (1). I must say for the first time to all Indonesians that during the series of legislative and presidential elections in 2009, there were several intelligence reports that were gathered by law enforcers

(2). The report showed a group of terrorists had practiced shooting at my picture, SBY’s picture, as a target

6. Affirmation is a statement of speech function where the process of state an issue publicly.

For example: (1). Once again, there has been an attack or a bombing committed by terrorists in Jakarta

(2). I would respond like this — that we should not point our fingers, or blame someone without proof

7. Aim is the purpose for which the speaker does it or the result that it is intended to achieve.

For example: (1). The bombing was committed when people were still concerned with political brouhaha at the elite level, also — as I have been noticing everyday — with provocative remarks that maintain heated and hostile circumstances, which is not the aspiration of the people who fulfilled their political duties a few weeks ago

8. Fury is violent or very strong anger where he expresses the strong anger about the issue.

For example: (1). Indeed, there are few people who are laughing and screaming in delight, satisfying their maddening anger

9. Hope is a feeling of desire and expectation that things will go well in the future where he expected something good in the future.

For example: (1). People want the conclusion of the 2009 General Elections to be the starting point for us to unite and rebuild our country for the sake of all Indonesian people

(2). I believe, as we have discovered before, that the perpetrators and the people who masterminded this terror will be apprehended and we will prosecute them under the law

10. Promise is a statement which he makes to people in which he says that he will be defininitely to do something.

For example: (1). I swear, for the sake of my beloved Indonesians, that the government will execute proper and decisive punishments to the bombers, including the mastermind and organizers, and for other crimes that might or could happen on our country nowadays

(2). With God’s blessings, I assure you, my brothers and sisters of Indonesia, that I shall stand right up front to face the clear and present danger and to carry out the hard, yet noble, mandate you have given to me

11. Threat is a statement by SBY that the actor of bombing will do bombing which is unpleasant.

For example: (1). My fellow countrymen and women, the inhuman and thoughtless bombing occurred just when our nation had held its presidential election and while the General Elections Commission (KPU) is still tallying the votes

(2). This morning, I have received many statements, or reminders that made me theorize, or at least be concerned, that this terrorism is related to the result of the presidential election

12. Blame is described all of about the bombing by SBY that was to investigate the terrorism.

For example: (1). It is suspected to have been committed by a group of terrorists, although it may not necessarily be the same terrorism network that we have realized cause nothing but sufferings and troubles that all Indonesians have had to bear

(2). It has greatly disrupted the security and peace of the country while people want a safe, peaceful and conducive situation

13. Greeting is a statement that SBY say before start in his speech.

For example: (1). My fellow countrymen and women to all Indonesians that I love, wherever you are

(2). Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh

14. Support is expressed by SBY to help the society about the problem.

For example: (1). To all the victims, our thoughts and prayers are with you

15. Apprehensive is expressed something bad to the society by SBY in the speech.

For example: (1). Therefore, on this opportunity, on behalf of the country and the government, and as a person, I would like to express my heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims

(2). My fellow countrymen and women, I believe almost all of us feel sympathy and sadness, and cry inside, as I do now

16. Duty is work that SBY and the government have to solve the problem.

For example: (1). To the Indonesian Police Force, Indonesian Armed Forces and National Intelligence Agency, also the governors, district chiefs and mayors, I would like to ask you to remain on high-alert status and strive to prevent terrorism

(2). This is our mandate given by the people, for our country

This research also castegorized the data into percent for more information about analyzing the data see Appendix III. This is to know the describing speech function in statement. The speech function of statement can be seen as in following table:

Table 1.17

Initiating of Statement

No	Types of statement	Number	%
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.	Clarification Suggestion Disappointment Achievement Information Affirmation Aim Fury Hope Promise Threat Blame Greeting Support Apprehensive Duty	7 6 2 7 5 28 1 1 7 8 7 4 3 1 5 2	7.45% 6.38% 2.13% 7.45% 5.32% 29.79% 1.06% 1.06% 7.45% 8.51% 7.45% 4.26% 3.19% 1.06% 5.32% 2.13%
Total		94	100%

As shown in the table, the dominant speech function of statement more than 20% includes into affirmation which is 29.79%. It is followed by promise type of statement which has 8.51%. The clarification, achievement, threat, hope placed in the third rank which has 7.45%, while the suggestion has 6.38%, information and apprehensive has 5.32%, blame has 4.26%, greeting has 3.19%, duty and disappointment has 2.13% and also support, aim, fury has 1.06%. It is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech always using affirmation in the speech.

b. Second Speech: “SMS bermasalah”

The types of statement in the second speech (Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) Speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011 have twelve. These types have described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function. They were:

Table 1.18

Lists of Statement in SBY’s Speech

No.	Type
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.	Suggestion Disappointment Appeal Information Affirmation Fury Accusation Misunderstnding Blame Clarification Ignorance Hope

It is described as the following:

1. Suggestion is one of the types speech function where put forward an idea or plan when he want to people think about the issue.

For example: (1). Oleh karena itu biar terang benderang di mata rakyat, jangan lakukan sesuatu dengan sembunyi melalui apa yang beredar sekarang ini

2. Disappointment is described the feeling disappointed or not as good as it had hoped.

For example: (1). Saudara, sebagai WNI dan kepala negara, saya sedih dan prihatin jika ada saudara kita memiliki perilaku menyebar fitnah tanpa beban apapun, tidak pernah merasakan seperti apa orang yang diserang dengan fitnah itu

3. Appeal is described by SBY that it is a serious and urgent request.

For example: (1). Saudara, apa yang saya ketahui, fitnah yang dilemparkan oleh seseorang dari tempat gelap dari hati yang gelap, sungguh keterlaluan

(2). Muncullah secara ksatria, mari kita berhadapan demi hukum dan keadilan

4. Information is the process giving news or issue from the sources where SBY informed the all information to the society.

For example: (1). Saudara-saudara, selama dua hari libur hari Sabtu dan Minggu, saya menerima tamu dan bertemu dengan banyak sahabat

(2). Kita bicarakan banyak hal termasuk yang beredar di masyarakat, berkaitan dengan pemberitaan yang tidak jelas sumbernya, mengandung fitnah yang sangat keterlaluan

5. Affirmation is a statement of speech function where the process of state an issue publicly.

For example: (1). Selama ini saya memilih diam

(2). Bukan cuma saya, tapi siapapun yang jadi korban penggunaan teknologi informasi dewasa ini

6. Fury is violent or very strong anger where he expresses the strong anger about the issue.

For example: (1). Kalau bicara fitnah, banyak orang negeri ini yang menjadi korban, saya salah satunya

(2). Saya katakan dengan bahasa terang, mereka tidak bertanggung jawab, tidak ksatria, pengecut

7. Accusation is a statement which expresses the belief that someone has done something wrong.

For example: (1). Selama mengemban amanah lebih dari enam tahun melalui pemilu yang sah dan demokratis, saya kira ratusan fitnah datang kepada saya

(2). Satu kali dua kali manakala fitnah itu sungguh keterlaluan, maka demi nama baik demi kebenaran dan keadilan dan merupakan hak saya untuk memberi penjelasan

8. Misunderstanding is a statement that he wants to clarify the failure in the society.

For example: (1). Bukan justru media online yang tidak ksatria, menyebarkan fitnah dan pembunuhan karakter, caci maki,terhadap siapapun

9. Blame is described all of about the problem by SBY that was to clarify the problem.

For example: (1). Tapi sekarang ini tersedia media massa yang mendiskreditkan di antara kita

(2). Saya tahu dalam keadaaan apapun biasanya selalu ada pembonceng, penumpang gelap

10. Clarification is a speech function where the process clarification and elaborated when he informed in the speech.

For example: (1). Zaman dahulu dengan alasan demokrasi belum mekar, belum ada kebebasan berbicara

(2). Barangkali kekuasaan negara bisa ambil tindakan

11. Ignorance is a statement that he lacks of the rumor.

For example: (1). Saya biarkan dan saya terus bekerja

12. Hope is a feeling of desire and expectation that things will go well in the future where he expected something good in the future.

For example: (1). Mudah-mudahan yang saya sampaikan ini bisa mewakili mereka yang selama ini menjadi korban fitnah dari mereka yang kurang beradab

This research also categorized the data into percent for more information about analyzing the data see Appendix IV. This is to know the describing speech function in statement. The statement can be seen as in following table:

Table 1.19

Initiating of Statement

No	Types of statement	Number	%
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.	Suggestion Disappointment Appeal Information Affirmation Fury Accusation Misunderstnding Blame Clarification Ignorance Hope	1 2 8 4 6 10 3 1 4 3 1 1	2.27% 4.55% 18.18% 9.09% 13.64% 22.73% 6.82% 2.27% 9.09% 6.82% 2.27% 2.27%
Total		44	100%

As shown in the table, the dominant speech function of statement more than 20% includes into fury which is 22.73%. It is followed by appeal type of statement which has 18.18%. The affirmation has the third rank which has 13.64%, while the information and blame has the fourth rank which has 9.09%. The accusation and the clarification have the fifth rank which has 6.82%. The sixth rank has disappointment which has 4.55%. The suggestion, misunderstanding, ignorance, and hope have the last rank which has 2.27%. It is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech always using fury in the speech.

(2). Command

Second types of speech function are command. Like a statement, command may be positive or negative as in Open the door! Or Please don’t smoke here! (Saragih, 2005: p. 13). In the first speech about “Bombing”, there were two which are categorized as prohibition. This type has described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function.

The command can be seen as in following table:

Table 1.20

Initiating of Command

No	Texts	Initiating Speech Function	Command	Number	%
1.	Don’t let terrorists and their masterminds lurk in your neighborhood	Command	ü	1	50%
2.	Don’t hesitate, nor be afraid, in preventing and exterminating terrorism	Command	ü	1	50%
Total				2	100%

As shown in the table, the dominant command is prohibition. It is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech was only two commands using in this speech.

The command can be seen as in following table:

Table 1.21

Initiating of Command

No	Texts	Initiating Speech Function	Command	Number	%
1.	Janganlah terus menerus menyebarkan racun fitnah	Command	ü	1	50%
2.	Jangan kita merugi, energi kita habis untuk menghadapi hal-hal seperti ini	Command	ü	1	50%
Total				2	100%

In the second speech about “SMS bermasalah”, there were two which are categorized as prohibition. This type has described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function.

(3). Question

Third types of speech function are question. The question may be either information question (wh-question) or yes/no question such as Where did you go last week? and Did you go to the movie? (Saragih, 2005:13). This type has described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function.

In the first speech about “Bombing”, there was one which is categorized as convince. The question can be seen as in following table:

Table 1.22

Initiating of Question

No	Texts	Initiating Speech Function	Question	Number	%
1.	Why do I have to feel very sorry?	Question	ü	1	100%
Total				1	100%

As shown in the table, it is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech was only one question using in this speech.

The second speech Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) Speech about “SMS bermasalah” there was not question here. Statement was dominant using in this speech.

(4). Offer

Third types of speech function are offer. The offer may be coded by a statement such as Let me take the book for you (Saragih, 2005:14). In the first speech about “Bombing”, there was one. This type has described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function.

The offer can be seen as in following table:

Table 1.23

Initiating of Offer

No	Texts	Initiating Speech Function	Offer	Number	%
1.	Let me show you	Offer	ü	1	100%
Total				1	100%

As shown in the table, it is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech was only one offer using in this speech.

In the second speech about “SMS bermasalah”, there were three. This type has described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function.

The offer can be seen as in following table:

Table 1.24

Initiating of Offer

No	Texts	Initiating Speech Function	Offer	Number	%
1.	Silahkan saja, itu bagian dari kebebasan berbicara	Offer	ü	1	33.33%
2.	Marilah kita menjadi bangsa yang benar-benar beradab, civilized	Offer	ü	1	33.33%
3.	Mari kita aware satu sama lain	Offer	ü	1	33.33%
Total				3	100%

As shown in the table, it is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech offer was three times using in this speech.

4.1.1.2 Realization in Mood

After describing the data into speech function, the next procedure is deriving the dominant speech function; it is aimed to know the dominant speech function in both of the speeches.

a. First Speech: “Bombings”

Table 1.25

Mood in Clause

No	Kinds of Moods	Number	%
1. 2. 3. 4.	Declarative Interrogative Imperative (-)	73 1 21 1	76.04% 1.04% 21.88% 1.04%
Total		96	100%

The above table shows that the dominant mood used by the elements of the speech while carrying on the speech is Declarative (76.04%). It is followed by Imperative (21.88%), Interrogative (1.02%) and (-): (1.04%). This means that Declarative is an important clause while communicating in the speech because Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was giving information to the society which was to inform about the bombing. He has explained about the victims, the process, and the impact of the bombing.

b. Second Speech: “SMS Bermasalah”

Table 1.26

Mood in Clause

No	Kinds of Moods	Number	%
1. 2. 3. 4.	Declarative Interrogative Imperative (-)	37 - 9 3	75.51% - 18.37% 6.12%
Total		49	100%

The above table shows that Declarative is the most dominant in this while carrying on the speech is Declarative (75.51%). This means that Declarative is an important clause while communicating in the speech because Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was giving clarification to the society which was to clarify about “SMS Bermasalah”. He has explained about the problem, the issue, and the foundation.

4.1.1.3 Realization of Speech Function in Mood

It has been mentioned in the chapter 3 that the data will be analyzed based on the three procedures. They are identifying the realization of speech function in mood, identifying the dominant speech function, and reasoning for the use of the dominant speech function. In this part, it will be concluded the realization of speech function in mood. For more information, it will be summarized in Table 1.27.

4.1.2 Dominant of Speech Function

After analyzing the realization of speech function in the both of the speeches, now the researcher is showed the data by the classification of number into percent.

Table 1.28

The Dominant Speech Function in the Speehes

Types of Speech Function	First speech: “Boombing”	Second speech: “SMS Bermasalah”	Number	%
Statement Command Offer Question	94 2 1 1	44 2 3 -	138 4 4 1	93.88% 2.72% 2.72% 0.68%
Total			147	100%

From the table, it can be realizing that the dominant speech function in the both of the speeches is statement. And all of the sentences in the speech have realized in the speech function because speech function is implementation of the verb in the sentence. So, almost of the sentences have verb that is why the dominant speech function realized in the speech.

Both of the speeches, affirmation is the most dominant statement because both of the speeches were talking about the issue. The speaker wants to emphasize the statement to all people. First speech was talking about “Bombing” which was a big issue in that time because it has given the big impact for all sides. To contribution, SBY wants to clarify and make affirmation about the situation because SBY is a president who is responsible in the situation. Second speech about “SMS Bermasalah”, which was talking the issue about short message it was talking about the issue in short message.

4.1.3 Reason for the Dominant Used of Speech Function

Before starting to create a speech, most speakers develop an informative plan. Communication helps us form relationships, allows cultures to evolve, and encourages understanding among people; in short, communication is the thing that makes us human. Without it, we would perish. The study of speech is based on the assumption that one’s ability to communicate in an effective manner is vital to successful human interaction.

Four major areas are included in the speech discipline, each of which focuses on unique characteristics of particular situations. Interpersonal communication includes the study of symbolic behavior in dyadic, two person, and relationships. Group communication concentrates on the small group of three to seven persons. Organizational communication examines the effects that organizational structure and membership have on human communication. Rhetoric and public address is the study of discourse and its role in shaping public perceptions and practices. All areas emphasize effective oral and written communication.

Aristotle said that use appropriate language, correct and acceptable, select the words a clear and direct sentence convey the beautiful, noble, and alive, and adjust the language with the message, audience and speaker. Contents speech President SBY is laden with words that are chosen truly
to portray who he was. President of the many uses of words in foreign languages, although English is actually simple, but are used as affirmation of the sentence. Also in the text of his speech, many containing the convergence, between paragraph by paragraph the other one has a relationship.

The all of them actually contain the same meaning, explain or provide information on every achievement target and programs that have he carried on but many also occur repetition of words who actually want affirm a sentence but that the contrary impression long-winded and not directly on target. It is associated with image community on President SBY as someone who is too cautious in making decisions and was impressed not hesitates in acting. Here the researcher tries to analyze that he "grew up" by mass media. And he knew it. Terms of SBY emerged from the mass media, then each view in the media he so enthusiastically welcome by colleagues of the press. This made him increasingly trying to portray them into the figure of the "ideal" in the public eye. Also speaking style and his views that tend to spin visible from much of his speech of 15 sheets, though the subject matter submitted to compress again into phrases more efficient so it will not exceed 10 sheets.

4.2 Discussions

Speech function is used as the medium exchange of their experiences. It is more oriented to functional interpretation. That means that all the utterances involved the four types of speech functions. In other statement comes from Martin (1992: 36) says that speech function is a semantic aspect of meaning which is realized by mood at the level of lexicogrammar. From that statement concludes that four types of speech function are realized by mood.

Statement is realized by declarative, question is realized by interrogative, and command is realized by imperative. According to Saragih (2005: 14) the four speech functions are initiated by the speaker. In real interaction, the interlocutor i.e. the addressee, in his/her turn also responds to the speech function produced by the speaker i.e. the addresser. In other words, a speech function by an addresser is responded by the addressee.

The types of speech function in both of the speeches such as the first speech about “Bombings” dominantly indicated as statement types of speech function and followed by command, question, and also offer. The second speech about “SMS Bermasalah” dominantly indicated as statement types of speech function than another (command, offer, and question). Speech function is the tool of communication used in the speech. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as a speaker was giving the information for the people. He was explaining about the case or issue to the people, so that the aim of the speaking was to make the people will be clear about the issue or the case. Speech itself is the implementation of human communication even it is written by the text. Generally, speech is only communication in one side; it is different which compares with the conversation. In conversation there is interaction between the address and addressee. So that is why the dominant types of speech function in the speeches are statement.

The kind of mood in both of the speeches such as the first speech about “Bombings” dominantly indicated as declarative kinds of mood and followed by interrogative and imperative. It is also in the second speech, first rank is declarative. The interrogative and imperative was not in the second speech about “SMS Bermasalah”. The interpersonal function s realized at two levels namely at the level of (discourse) semantics and lexicogrammar which is termed mood. Mood is potentially coded by any one of the four speech functions (Saragih, 2005: 12). Both of the speeches dominantly is declarative, it refers from the statement in the speech function because statement is realized by declarative in mood but a speech function may be coded by an elliptical mood or minor. By minor is meant an expression which has no process or verb (Saragih, 2005: 15). In the speeches, there are minor or elliptical mood. Minor clauses are expressions such as thank you, and wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. They are called minor clauses because they are not open to any of the major systems of Transitivity, Mood, and Theme. The really serve an interpersonal function such as greeting, acknowledgement, surprise, etc (Saragih, 2005: 18).

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the data conclusions are drawn as the following.

(1) The realization of speech functions in mood in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s speeches. The first speech, “Bombings” speech function has realized in mood which has 50.51%. Four types of speech function has realized in three kinds of mood. Statement has realized in declarative which has 56.29%. Command has realized in imperative which has 8.70%. Offer has realized in mood which has 50%. Question has realized in interrogative which has 50%. The second speech, “SMS Bermasalah” speech function has realized in mood which has 44.90%. Four types of speech function has realized in three kinds of mood. Statement has realized in declarative which has 54.32%. Command has realized in imperative which has 18.18%. Offer has realized in mood which has 50%. Question has realized in interrogative which has 0%. Speech function has realized in mood by elaboration in the Table 1.2: elaboration realization of speech function in mood.

(2) The types of speech function in both of the speeches are: statement, offer, question, and command. The dominant speech function in the first speech is statement (95.92%) and the second speech is statement (89.80%). Both of the speeches statement is the dominant speech function, this happens because Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as a speaker was giving the information for the people. He was explaining about the case or issue to the people, so that the aim of the speaking was to clarify the people about the issue. The first speech, the issue is about bombings which were happened in the public area when the condition has got well. The second speech, the issue is about short message which was talking about SBY. It made him angry about the content of the message because it was talking all about his weakness. This research has found that the speech is almost using statement in the sentence which is to help the speaker to inform the people about the problem or the issue. The sentence of the speech should be clear because it can make different interpretation if the speech is not clear. The main function of speech is giving, explaining, and clarifying something happens in the society.

(3) The four speech functions in initiating are realized as follows: statement realized by declarative Mood, question realized by interrogative Mood, and command realized by imperative Mood. The researcher concludes that speech function refers to the verb in the sentence. It categorizes in the semantics term. Semantics term has realized in the lexicogrammar. Every sentence has realized in the speech function, and also speech function in semantics has realized in mood system in lexicogrammar. The conclusion is speech as the object of the study which realizes in the speech function and mood. It could be dominant using of speech function. So that is the reason why speech function is the dominant using in the speech.

5.2 Suggestions

In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are stated as the following.

(1) For the language students, to do research about the speech side in many area of research. This is to make it be one of the many areas of the research because speech is many implicit meaning inside. So, that is the big chance to explore in another field of the language itself.

(2) It is recommended to the lecturer hoped to give the attention by studying about the speech in the class. It can help the students to make the speech which is not long-winded speech.

(3) For the language author, to publish more references about speech. It will help the researcher to find many theories about speech.

REFERENCES

Alan Cruse, D. 2000. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University

Bogdan, R. F., & Biklen, S. 1992. In Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn & Bacon

Denzin, N. K. 1978. The Research Act. In Sibarani, B. 2004. Qualitative Research in Linguistics and Language Teaching. Medan: Graduate Program State University of Medan (unpublished)

Halliday, M. A. K. 1985. Systemics Background. In Benson, J. D. and W.S. Greaves (eds) Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Vol. I, Norwood: ablex Publishing, 1-15

Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold

Halliday, M. A. K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold

Hoffman, Mary F & Ford, Debra J. 2010. Organizational Rheotoric. USA: SAGE Publications

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Lincoln, Yvonna S & Guba, Egon G. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. California: SAGE Publications

Lock, Graham. 2002. Functional English Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Martin, J, R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company

Morley, G. David. 2000. Syntax in Functional Grammar. New York: Continuum

Malmkjaer, Kirsten. 2001. The Linguistics Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge

Radford, Andrew. 2004. Minimalist Syntax. New York: Cambridge

R, Hurford, James. 2000. Semantics: a Coursebook. New York: Cambridge University Press

Saragih, A. 2004. Discourse Analysis. A Systemic Functional Approaches to the Analysis of Texts. Faculty of Language and Arts. The State University of Medan

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Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1916. Cours de Linguistique Générale. Ed. by C. Bally, A. Sechehaye, and A. Reidlinger. Paris: Payot.

(1916)1986. Course in General Linguistics. Trans by Roy Harris. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.

Sneddon, James N, 1996. A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood

http://web.mac.com/cmatthie_Glossary.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech

http://www.nsknet.or.jp/~peterr-s/public_speaking/speechtypes.html

http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_conference

http://www.rimanews.com

http://www.presidensby.info/index.php/pers/presiden/2010/12/02/535.html
http://www.famous-speeches-and-speech-topics.info/speech-topics/informative-speech.htm

APPENDIX I

SBY Speech about the Bombing

Greetings to everyone,

My fellow countrymen and women to all Indonesians that I love, wherever you are. Today is a black dot in our history [as a nation]. Once again, there has been an attack or a bombing committed by terrorists in Jakarta. It is suspected to have been committed by a group of terrorists, although it may not necessarily be the same terrorism network that we have realized cause nothing but sufferings and troubles that all Indonesians have had to bear.

This barbaric act has brought about innocent casualties as well. Therefore, on this opportunity, on behalf of the country and the government, and as a person, I would like to express my heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims. To all the victims, our thoughts and prayers are with you.

My fellow countrymen and women, the inhuman and thoughtless bombing occurred just when our nation had held its presidential election and while the General Elections Commission (KPU) is still tallying the votes. It has greatly disrupted the security and peace of the country while people want a safe, peaceful and conducive situation. People want the conclusion of the 2009 General Elections to be the starting point for us to unite and rebuild our country for the sake of all Indonesian people.

The bombing was committed when people were still concerned with political brouhaha at the elite level, also — as I have been noticing everyday — with provocative remarks that maintain heated and hostile circumstances, which is not the aspiration of the people who fulfilled their political duties a few weeks ago.

My fellow countrymen and women, I believe almost all of us feel sympathy and sadness, and cry inside, as I do now. Indeed, there are few people who are laughing and screaming in delight, satisfying their maddening anger. These few people, heartless and careless for the destruction of our country from terrorism, do not care about the vast implications of their brutality toward our economy, business climate, tourism, image in the world and many other factors.

Presently, my brothers and sisters, beside us, the government is performing emergency response measures to treat the victims of the bombing. An investigation is on the way as well. I have received a preliminary report of the ongoing investigation. After I read the report, I instructed the Chief of Police, the National Intelligence Agency and other related state institutions to conduct a proper and thorough investigation and to bring the perpetrators to justice.

I believe, as we have discovered before, that the perpetrators and the people who masterminded this terror will be apprehended and we will prosecute them under the law. I have instructed law enforcers to prosecute anyone involved. Whoever he or she is, from whatever political rank and background.

This morning, I have received many statements, or reminders that made me theorize, or at least be concerned, that this terrorism is related to the result of the presidential election. I would respond like this — that we should not point our fingers, or blame someone without proof. All theories and speculations must be proven in court. Our country is a lawful country, as well as a democratic one. Therefore, the norms of law and democracy must be enacted properly. If someone is guilty under the law, then we could say that the person is guilty.

I must say for the first time to all Indonesians that during the series of legislative and presidential elections in 2009, there were several intelligence reports that were gathered by law enforcers. Once again, this information has never been made public. The report showed a group of terrorists had practiced shooting at my picture, SBY’s picture, as a target. Let me show you.

This is a video recording of them practicing shooting. Two men are shooting with handguns. This is the target. And this is my picture, and they are aiming approximately at my face. This is the intelligence report, with video tape and pictures. It is not a slander, nor an issue. I received the report several moments ago. It is still related to the intelligence that acknowledged there is a plan to commit violence or actions against the law in relation to the election result.

There was also a plan to occupy the office of the General Elections Commission when the result is to announced. There was a statement that there would be a revolution if SBY wins. This is an intelligence report, not rumors, nor gossip. Other statements said they wished to turn Indonesia into [a country like] Iran. And the last statement said that no matter what, SBY should not and would not be inaugurated. You can interpret such threats, and the tens of other intelligence reports that are currently in the hands of our law enforcers.

This morning, just like I used to do, I wanted to come personally to the location [of the attack]. But the Chief of Police and others suggested I should wait, since the area was not yet secure. And danger could come at any time, especially with all of the threats I have shown you, physical threats.

Surely, life and death is in God’s hands. I should not worry and be restrained in doing my duty to the people, to this country. Since presidential security is borne by the Indonesian Armed Forces, I believe the armed forces have taken the precautions needed. To all intelligence reports, whether they are related to the bombing or not, I have instructed to all law enforcers to perform their duties correctly, objectively, decisively and lawfully.

If the threats are not related to today’s bombing, they still need to be prevented, because anarchy, violence, vandalism and all other crimes are not the characteristics of a democratic and lawful country, obviously. For all of this, I, as the president, condemn the brutal act of terrorism. I also feel very sorry about the incident. Perhaps, or usually, during times like this, many of us are afraid to express our scorns or condemnations due to political considerations. On the other hand, I must say it loud and clear, as my mandate as the president.

Why do I have to feel very sorry? First of all, you all know that for the last five years, our economy has been growing rapidly. Business, tourism, food self-sufficiency, investment, trade, real sectors, have all been moving favorably regardless of the global crisis. Secondly, during the last week alone, our stock exchange index was improving drastically and our Rupiah was strengthening [against US dollar] as well. With the growing economy, the welfare of our people was developing also, including the execution of poverty and unemployment eradication programs, which I usually mention as the Pro-People Program.

All that has happened, my beloved brothers and sisters of Indonesia, is because in the last couple of years, our country has been truly safe and peaceful. In addition to the economic growth, our people throughout the country can work and live their lives in peace, free from fear. Meanwhile, the reputation of our country in the world is increasing as the world sees our country to be more safe, organized and peaceful. Our country has a blooming democracy and improved human rights implementation, a developing country that plays its role globally. Even, and this is a sad part, if the bombing did not occur, a legendary football club, Manchester United, would have played in Jakarta.

My fellow countrymen and women, with all of these brutal and thoughtless acts of terrorism, what we have built in the last five years with the labor and sweat of all Indonesians, once again must endure another shake and setback. Implications, once again, must be borne by all Indonesians, minus the bombers.

Therefore, truth and justice will be served. I swear, for the sake of my beloved Indonesians, that the government will execute proper and decisive punishments to the bombers, including the mastermind and organizers, and for other crimes that might or could happen on our country nowadays.

To the Indonesian Police Force, Indonesian Armed Forces and National Intelligence Agency, also the governors, district chiefs and mayors, I would like to ask you to remain on high-alert status and strive to prevent terrorism. More importantly, the law enforcers must truly seek, capture and prosecute the perpetrators, organizers, and masterminds behind this violence. Maybe some of them have committed crimes, assassination or murders and gotten away with these crimes, but this time we will not let them become Draculas and death-mongers in our country.

I realize that for the last five years, police have frequently prevented and stopped terrorism actions. Confiscating explosive materials, uncovering several terrorism networks, even though today’s bombing has happened, a disaster that has torn the security and reputation of our country and nation. To prevent and exterminate terrorism and other crimes properly, the intelligence [agency] must be very sharp. Prevention must be very effective. The police, the intelligence agency, the armed forces must unite in a complete synergy. Negligence and ignorance must be discarded. This is our mandate given by the people, for our country.

To all Indonesians, as you increase public alertness, stay at your work and live your lives normally. If something suspicious happens, call the police. Don’t let terrorists and their masterminds lurk in your neighborhood. You can fall prey to their actions at any time if they are allowed to mastermind further terror in our country.

For the future, I encourage all Indonesians and all elements of the nation to unite and stand together in protecting the safety and peace of this country. No country and no religion condone terrorism, whatever the motives and reasons are. Don’t hesitate, nor be afraid, in preventing and exterminating terrorism. Meanwhile, the terror we had today should never break our spirit and endeavor to build and to advance our country.

We must keep on fighting to better our economy, politics, democracy, human rights implementation, law enforcement, regional development, people’s welfare and so on. The fact is that there is a major catastrophe due to today’s act of terrorism. But we will make it right together, and we shall rise and move forward again. We, the nation, the country and the people, shall not falter nor cave in to terrorism. No violence, extremism, and other crimes shall continue to live on this country.

God Almighty, Allah SWT, shall protect and save our lives. With God’s blessings, I assure you, my brothers and sisters of Indonesia, that I shall stand right up front to face the clear and present danger and to carry out the hard, yet noble, mandate you have given to me.

Thank you,

Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

(http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/)

APPENDIX II

SMS Bermasalah

Jakarta, Senin, 30 Mei 2011

[Image: 110715200671047be60341d74ded06f1af618587.jpg]

SBY lagi marah dan kesal diteror SMS bermasalah

"Saudara-saudara, selama dua hari libur hari Sabtu dan Minggu, saya menerima tamu dan bertemu dengan banyak sahabat. Kita bicarakan banyak hal termasuk yang beredar di masyarakat, berkaitan dengan pemberitaan yang tidak jelas sumbernya, mengandung fitnah yang sangat keterlaluan.
Kalau bicara fitnah, banyak orang negeri ini yang menjadi korban, saya salah satunya. Selama mengemban amanah lebih dari enam tahun melalui pemilu yang sah dan demokratis, saya kira ratusan fitnah datang kepada saya. Selama ini saya memilih diam. Saya biarkan dan saya terus bekerja. Satu kali dua kali manakala fitnah itu sungguh keterlaluan, maka demi nama baik demi kebenaran dan keadilan dan merupakan hak saya untuk memberi penjelasan.
Banyak saudara-saudara kita di negeri ini yang juga sering jadi korban fitnah. Tapi mereka tidak berdaya, tidak bisa bicara dan tidak punya ruang untuk menyampaikan luka dan sakit hatinya. Mudah-mudahan yang saya sampaikan ini bisa mewakili mereka yang selama ini menjadi korban fitnah dari mereka yang kurang beradab."

"Saudara, sebagai WNI dan kepala negara, saya sedih dan prihatin jika ada saudara kita memiliki perilaku menyebar fitnah tanpa beban apapun, tidak pernah merasakan seperti apa orang yang diserang dengan fitnah itu. Tadinya saya berharap dengan teknologi informasi yang berkembang seperti SMS, Twitter, BB dan semua jenis media online itu bisa mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Bukan justru media online yang tidak ksatria, menyebarkan fitnah dan pembunuhan karakter, caci maki,terhadap siapapun. Bukan cuma saya, tapi siapapun yang jadi korban penggunaan teknologi informasi dewasa ini.
Saudara, apa yang saya ketahui, fitnah yang dilemparkan oleh seseorang dari tempat gelap dari hati yang gelap, sungguh keterlaluan. Saya katakan dengan bahasa terang, mereka tidak bertanggung jawab, tidak ksatria, pengecut. Sungguh menghina pribadi saya, karena tidak menampakkan dirinya dan tidak berani bertanggungjawab terhadap apa yang mereka katakan.
Janganlah terus menerus menyebarkan racun fitnah. Muncullah secara ksatria, mari kita berhadapan demi hukum dan keadilan. Fitnah itu 1000 persen tidak mengandung kebenaran. Disebarluaskan fitnah, katanya ada megaskandal, Bank Century. Disebutkan tindakan saya yang tidak terpuji. Ada lagi dikatakan PD punya tabungan Rp47 triliun dan Demokrat harus menjelaskan. Terbalik logikanya. Dia yang menuduh dia, yang membuktikan.
Oleh karena itu biar terang benderang di mata rakyat, jangan lakukan sesuatu dengan sembunyi melalui apa yang beredar sekarang ini. Zaman dahulu dengan alasan demokrasi belum mekar, belum ada kebebasan berbicara. Barangkali kekuasaan negara bisa ambil tindakan. Bisa jadi orang takut menyampaikan sesuatu secara terbuka. Tapi sekarang ini tersedia media massa yang mendiskreditkan di antara kita. Ada tersedia dan sah. Silahkan saja, itu bagian dari kebebasan berbicara.
Saya tidak bisa menerima jika cara seperti itu berlangsung di negeri kita. Saya menyeru supaya tidak diteruskan. Saya juga menyeru mereka yang difitnah untuk menggunakan haknya. Dijamin di negara kita yang menjunjung demokrasi dan hukum secara bersamaan. Saya tahu dalam keadaaan apapun biasanya selalu ada pembonceng, penumpang gelap. Ini selalu menimbulkan komplikasi dan masalah.
Saya ingin menyeru pada masyarakat Indonesia, janganlah negeri ini jadi tanah dan lautan fitnah, tidak akan mencerdaskan bangsa. Marilah kita menjadi bangsa yang benar-benar beradab, civilized. Justru saat ini kita harus menyatukan langkah untuk bekerja bersama meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat.
Saya juga ingatkan, muncul situasi sekarang ini kegiatan mengadu domba satu sama lain. Mari kita aware satu sama lain. Saya juga imbau media massa, yang punya peran sangat luhur juga, ariflah.
Bayangkan kalau sebuah sumber yang sangat tidak jelas diangkat menjadi sumber berita. Rakyat kita ini dapat apa. Mestinya kita bersyukur ketika negeri kita saat ini memiliki momentum, telah melalui masa gelap. Jangan kita merugi, energi kita habis untuk menghadapi hal-hal seperti ini. Kehidupan yang bermoral, beretika, beradab, segalanya dipertanggungjawabkan secara ksatria, tidak pengecut.

(http://www.eocommunity.com/showthread.php?tid=14159)

Welcome in the REALITY

Kamis, 16 Februari 2012

Realization of Speech Function in Mood in the SBY's speeches

3.3 Technique of Collecting Data

http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/

APPENDIX I

SBY Speech about the Bombing

(http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/)

APPENDIX II

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