REALIZATION OF SPEECH FUNCTION IN MOOD IN
THE SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S (SBY)
SPEECHES
A THESIS
Submitted to the
English Applied Linguistics Study Program Postgraduate School
In Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
AYU INDARI
Registration Number: 082188330123
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2011
A THESIS
REALIZATION OF SPEECH FUNCTION IN MOOD IN
THE SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S (SBY)
SPEECHES
By:
AYU INDARI
Registration Number: 082188330123
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
This
Thesis was examined on April 7th, 2011 by the Board of Examination
Approved by
Adviser Commission
Adviser I Adviser
II
Prof. Amrin Saragih,
M.A., Ph.D Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, M.S
NIP. 19550113 198203
1 002 NIP.
19630525 198803 2 016
The Head of English
Applied The Director
of the Postgraduate
Linguistics Study
Program School,
State
University of Medan
Prof. Dr. Busmin
Gurning. M.Pd Prof. Dr.
Belferik Manullang
NIP. 19590713 198601
1 001 NIP.
19471015 197412 1 001
Approval
This
Thesis was examined on April 7th, 2011 by the Board of Examiners
Board
of Examiners:
1. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D ________________________
NIP. 19550113 198203 1 002
2. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S ________________________
NIP. 19630525 198803 2 016
3.
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning. M.Pd ________________________
NIP.
19590713 198601 1 001
4.
Prof. Dr. Lince
Sihombing, M. Pd ________________________
NIP.
19610425 198601 2 001
5.
Dr. Eddy
Setia, M.Ed., TESP ________________________
NIP. 19570412 198403 1 001
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In
the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful
As this thesis is completed, first
of all the writer would like to express gratitude to Allah SWT the Lord of the
mankind, jinns, and all that exists for the opportunity for her to complete
this thesis. Peace be upon Muhammad SAW, the last of the Prophets and upon his
brothers Prophets and Messengers and upon his family, his companions and
whoever follows him with benevolence until the Day of Resurrection. And also
the persons mentioned below who have given her invaluable help, support,
suggestions, motivation, encouragement during has study at the English applied
Linguistics Program, Graduate School, State University of Medan.
The writer would like to express her
deepest thanks and endless appreciations to her parents, abah (Suripto) and umi
(Hasniari), thanks for their praying to her, their supports, materials, and
endless loves. Their praying will bring her into the best future. They will be
in her heart whenever and wherever she is. Love you, abah and umi. And to my
husband, (Nico) thanks for everything.
She would like to deliver her
plentiful appreciation and gratitude to the first advisor Prof. Amrin Saragih,
Ph. D, and the second advisor Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M. S for their guidance,
advices, valuable, comments, encouragement, criticism, and also helps given the
writer from the very beginning up to the end form of this thesis writing.
Furthermore, she also indepted to
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd, and Dr. Eddy
Setia, M. Ed., TESP for their constructive comments and suggestions in
enriching the quality of this thesis.
Her truthfully gratefulness also
goes to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd and Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd
the head and secretary of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program, for
their suggestion and administrative assistances during the process of
conducting this study. Her truthfully gratefulness also given to Prof. Dr.
Belferik Manullang as the director of Graduate Program of State University of
Medan, thanks for her invaluable assistance both in academic and administrative
matters.
The writer’s profuse appreciation is
also addressed to all of the lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics
Program of the Graduate Program of State University of Medan (Prof. Dr. Busmin
Gurning, M. Pd, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd, Prof. Amrin Saragih, Ph. D,
Prof. Tina Mariany A, Ph. D., M. A, Prof. D. P. Tampubolon, Ph. D, Prof. M.
Silitonga, Ph. D, Prof. M. Butar Butar, Ph. D, Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.
Pd, Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed., TESP) for their assistances and invaluable helps
and knowledge when she was learning in the class.
The writer would like to deliver to
all her beloved relatives especially all her friends in LTBI intake XV (Bro
Car, Sis Dewi, Sis Wati, Uci, Bro Gen, Sis Grace, Tari Malau, Bro Lis, Meida,
Naj, Sis Nova, Minar, Sis Afifah, Ayu Asrul, Qori, Rini, Adah, Sarah, Sis
Sisil, Bro Her, Yudi, and Mr. Yani). Thanks for their support, assistance,
worship, persistence, and pray for the success in finishing her study on time.
May Allah SWT consecrate to them. Amin.
Finally, this thesis is still far
for being perfect in spite of fact that the writer has done her best in
completing her work. For this reason, it is suggested for other researcher to
make further study related to this topic and subject.
Medan,
21st February 2011
The
writer
Ayu
Indari
Reg.
Num 082188330123
ABSTRACT
Indari, Ayu. Registration Number
082188330123. Realization of Speech Function in Mood in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s
(SBY) Speeches. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Post
Graduate School. State University of Medan.2011.
The objectives
of the study are; 1) to describe speech functions realized in moods in SBY’s
speeches, 2) to derive the dominant speech function in SBY’s speeches, and 3)
the reason for the use of the dominant speech function. Realization of speech
function in mood is related to Halliday (1994: p. 95) makes the point that the
relationship between the forms of utterances and the types of meaning they can
express is a complex one which is based on the principle that what speakers say
can make sense in the context in which they are saying it. The four speech
functions (statement, question, offer, and command) find their realization in
mood which is an aspect on interpersonal function at the level of lexicogrammar
(Halliday, 1993: p. 103). The study contends that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s
(SBY) Speeches have its own semantics and lexicogrammar of language where
speech function and mood. The data are obtained from two kinds of SBY’s
speeches. The study is conducted in content analysis design. The findings
indicate that Speech function in both of the speeches is realized into the form
of Mood: declarative, interrogative, and imperative. The dominant speech
function is statement in the sentence which is to help the speaker to inform
the people about the problem or the issue. The four speech functions in
initiating are realized as follows: statement realized by declarative Mood, question
realized by interrogative Mood, and command realized by imperative Mood. Speech
as the object of the study which realizes in the speech function and mood, it
could be dominant using of speech function.
TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF APPENDIXES vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
CHAPTER I
: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background
of the Study 1
1.2. Problem
of the Study 8
1.3. Objective
of the Study 8
1.4. Scope
of the Study 9
1.5. Significance
of the Study 9
CHAPTER II
: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 10
2.1.
Speech Functions 10
2.1.1 Types of
Speech Functions Theory of Speech 10
2.1.2
Realization Speech Functions in Mood 12
2.2.
Speech 14
2.2.1 Theory
of Speech 14
2.2.2 Towards a Formal Model of Speech 15
2.2.3 Kinds of Speech 16
1. An Informative
Speech 16
2. A layout Speech 17
3. A Demonstration Speech 18
4. A Persuasive Speech 18
2.2.4 News Conference 20
2.2.5 Ethos
in Traditional Rhetoric 21
2.2.6 SBY’s Speeches Opinion 23
2.3 Mood and
Residue 27
2.3.1 Mood 27
2.3.1.1 Identifying
Subject and Finite 32
2.3.1.2 Mood in
Non-Declarative Clauses 35
2.3.1.3 Kinds
of Mood 40
1.
Declarative and Interrogative Moods 40
2.
Imperative mood 42
3.
Exclamative mood 43
4.
Mood and Polarity 44
2.3.2
Residue 45
2.3.2.1 The
Predicator 45
2.3.2.2 The
Complement 48
2.3.2.3 Adjuncts
49
2.4 Mood
in Bahasa Indonesia 51
2.4.1 Statement 51
2.4.2 Questions 52
2.4.3 Imperatives
55
2.4.4 Exclamations 56
2.5 Congruence
in the Interpersonal Component 59
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD 63
3.1. Research Design 63
3.2. Data Sources 63
3.3. Technique of Collecting Data 64
3.4. Technique of Data
Analysis 64
3.5 Trustworthiness 65
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND
DISCUSSION 66
4.1. Research Findings 66
4.1.1 Realization
of Speech Function in Mood 66
4.1.1.1 Realization of Speech Function 66
(1). Statement 66
a. First Speech: “Bombing” 66
b. Second Speech: “RUU Keistimewaan Yogya” 74
(2). Command 80
(3). Question 81
(4). Offer 81
4.1.1.2 Realization
in Mood 82
a. First
Speech: “Bombing” 82
b. Second
Speech: “RUU Keistimewaan Yogya” 83
4.1.1.3 Realization
of Speech Function in Mood 83
4.1.2 Dominant
of Speech Function 86
4.1.3 Reason
of the Speech Function Dominantly Used 87
4.2
Discussion 89
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 91
5.1 Conclusions 91
5.2 Suggestions 92
REFERENCES
LIST OF
TABLES
CHAPTER II
Page
Table
1.1... Types of Speech Functions……………………………… 13
Table
1.2... Elaboration Realization of
Speech Functions in Mood 15
Table
1.3... Semantic interpretation of
central mood systems 28
Table 1.4 .. Basic
options in the speech function system
and
their congruent realization 59
CHAPTER III Page
Table 1.5 The steps of the technique of data analysis 63
CHAPTER IV Page
Table 1.6 Lists
of Statement in SBY’s Speech 66
Table 1.7 Initiating
of Statement 72
Table 1.8 Lists
of Statement in SBY’s Speech 74
Table 1.9 Initiating
of Statement 81
Table 1.10 Initiating
of Command 82
Table 1.11 Initiating
of Question 83
Table 1.12 Initiating
of Offer 84
Table 1.13 Mood
in Clause 85
Table 1.14 Mood
in Clause 85
Table 1.15 Realization
of Speech Function in Mood 87
Table 1.16 Dominant
Speech Function in the Speeches 88
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER II
Page
Figure 1.1 Realization of Speech Functions in Mood 14
Figure 1.2 Two mood systems 27
Figure 1.3 Mood – key systems 29
Figure 1.4 Tags showing Subject and Finite 31
Figure 1.5 it’ and ‘there’ as Subject 31
Figure 1.6 Mood in declarative clauses 34
Figure 1.7 Mood in yes/no interrogative clauses 34
Figure 1.8 WH-interrogative with known Subject 35
Figure 1.9 WH-interrogative with WH-element as
Subject 35
Figure 1.10 Mood in exclamative clauses 36
Figure 1.11 Unmarked imperative clauses 36
Figure 1.12 Marked imperative clauses 37
Figure 1.13 Let’s imperative clause 37
Figure 1.14 Analyzing Mood and Residue 49
Figure 1.15 System Network of SBY’s Speech Function 58
Figure
1.16 Mood: Primary Options 59
CHAPTER IV Page
Figure 1.17 System
Network of SBY’s Speech Function 66
LIST OF APPENDIXES
APPENDIX III- THE ANALYZING DATA
Table 2.2 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speech
about
“The Bombing”
APPENDIX IV- THE ANALYZING DATA
Table 2.3 Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s speech about
“RUU Keistimewaan Yogyakarta”
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
One
of the functions of language in human life as a member of the society is to
exchange experience. This is systemically termed as speech functions (Halliday,
2004: 107-108). This study is related to know the president of the Republic of
Indonesia represents his speech functions through his speeches. A study on the
speech function is worthwhile doing for it giving contribution for the better
understanding of the presidue policy for development. Language plays an
unproduced role for this. Language is a device in communication. When someone
says something who is used sentence in the communication. The sentence itself
consists of the structure and meaning. The structure and meaning are speech
function and mood. This systematically conclude that speech function calls
discourse semantics and mood calls lexicogrammar (Martin, 1992: 36). The
grammar of a language is the description of the ways in which words can change
their forms and can be combined into sentences in that language. If grammar
rules are too carelessly violated, communication may suffer, although, creating
a good grammar rule is extremely difficult. Linguistic investigating native
speaker speech (and writing) has, over the years, devised various different
systems to describe how the language works.
In relation to that structural
linguistics presents us with a systematic way to describe the units of language
and how those units combine to produce acceptable sentences. A language can be
considered from several levels, each related in some way to the others. Thus
sounds combine to form syllables and words, which in turn combine to form
phrases and sentences. Commonly used terms, in increasing order of size, are
phone, phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, sentence, and text. The terms correctly
imply that structural linguistics has emphasized the sound system (phonology)
and the grammatical structure (syntax).
Within traditional grammar, the
syntax of a language is described in terms of taxonomy of the range of
different types of syntactic structures found in the language. The central
assumption underpinning syntactic analysis in traditional grammar is that
phrases and sentences are built up of a series of constituents (i.e. syntactic
units), each of which belongs to a specific grammatical category and serves a
specific grammatical function. Given this assumption, the task of the linguist
analyzing the syntactic structure of any given type of sentence is to identify
each of the constituents in the sentence, and to say what category it belongs
to and what function it serves. For example, in relation to the syntax of a
simple sentence like: (a) He went home,
(b) Are you feeling OK!, (c) You be quite!, (d) What a great idea that is!. A sentence like (a) is traditionally
said to be declarative in force, in that it is used to make a statement. (b) is
interrogative in force in that it is used to ask a question. (c) is imperative
in force, by virtue of being used to issue an order or command. (d) is
exclamative in force, in that it is used to exclaim surprise or delight. In
addition according to Martin (1992: 33) says that in a Systematic Functional
Interpretation of English (SFI) provides a point of departure for stratifying
the content plane. This is an important step as far as interpreting dialogue is
concerned since there is no simple relation between general grammatical classes
and the role they play in structuring a conversation. The most commonly
discussed example of this is the realization of demands for goods and services.
Each class considered so far for example, imperative, declarative and
interrogative mood, can be used to code a Command: (a) Get me the new one,
please? – Allright, I will, (b) I’d like the new one, please? – Allright, (c)
Can I have the new one, please? – Allright.
Evidence
for the fact that the different grammatical classes are performing a related
discourse function comes from their context: from their co-text the inclusion
of please and the reply allright; and from the context of
situation, where one might well observe goods being exchanged. Furthermore, as
can be seen from the examples above, the relevance of the co-text is also
grammaticalised in English. There is a major pattern to be considered. It can
be established with respect to the more general Mood function, Mood (including
Subject, Finite, and Mood adjuncts) and Residue (including Predicator,
Complement and other Adjuncts).
Mood (Radford, 2004: 462) is a term
describing inflectional properties of finite verbs. That means mood explains
about verbs in the content of the sentence itself. This statement has been more
complete by Martin (1992: 30) concerns with the semantics of mood in English
(the grammatical description of mood proposed in Halliday 1976b: 105-110). Its
basic concern will be interpreting mood from a discourse perspective as a
resource for negotiating meaning in dialogue. To consider two central mood
systems, which classify English clauses as three basic types of interact, such
as declarative, interrogative, and imperative. Traditionally, these systems and
structures require a richer interpretation, beyond form, in spite of the fact
that the content of the terms is less than transparent. Semantically oriented
labels of this kind highlight the meaning of the grammatical terms and are used
throughout Halliday (1985a) to focus on the grammar as a functionally
organized meaning making resource
(rather than as a syntax, or set of forms). In fact, no attempt is made to
distinguish stratally between grammar and meaning: rather the grammar in
infused with meaning, and a stratal distinction between grammar and semantics
systematically blurred. So, an attempt will be made to unpick the boundary
between grammar and semantics in a syntactic functional interpretation of
English and Halliday’s relabelling provides a point of departure for
stratifying the content plane.
Following Halliday (1984a) the
semantic inventory of interacts can now be expanded into four pairs, which will
be referred to provisionally, following work in ethno methodology (e.g.
Schegloff & Sacks 1973) namely (a) offer (acknowledge offer): can I get you
a drink? – yes, thanks, (b) command (response offer to command): get me a
drink, will you? – alright, I will, (c) statement (acknowledge statement): the
match is at 2 pm – oh, is it?, (d) question (response statement to question):
what time’s the match? – at 2 pm. The grammar then makes available resources
for trying an initiation to a response (ellipsis and substitution) and for
orienting the exchange to goods and services or information and to giving or
demanding (declarative, interrogative, and imperative). The mood systems
considered to this point are along with the speech function.
According to Martin (1992: 36)
speech function (discourse semantics) has been stratified with respect to mood
(lexicogrammar) on the content plane. In another research, Sulaiman (2007) “Speech Functions in Classroom Interaction”
concludes that speech functions absent in those of mood. From that case, the
researcher gets the problem of the research which is realization of speech
function in mood, derive the dominant of speech function and reason for the use
of the dominant speech function.
Realization
of speech function in mood has implementation in many ways, for example in the
speech.
Speech, according to Saussure ((1916) 1986: 19), is the sum total
of what people say, and it comprises (a) individual combinations of words,
depending on the will of the speakers, and (b) acts of phonation, which are
also voluntary and are necessary for the execution of the speakers’
combinations of words. That means speech is acting of phonation realized in the
words. Its added from another opinion that speech is the vocalized form
of
human
communication. It is based upon the
syntactic
combination of
lexicals
and
names
that are drawn from very large (usually >10,000 different
words)
vocabularies.
These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech
sound units, differ creating the existence of many thousands of different types
of
mutually unintelligible human
languages
(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech).
From that statement above, researcher conclude that speech is the collection of
many vocabularies in the several forms of the grammatical structures. Speech
has the four basic types, they are: to inform, to instruct, to entertain,
and to persuade. These are not mutually exclusive of one another. You
may have several purposes in mind when giving your presentation.
In
this study the researcher is interested in analyzing realization of speech
function in mood in President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speeches. These
are some reason to emphasize her interests in the research. Firstly, based on
the theory that there is a major pattern to be considered which realization of
speech function in mood is because according to Martin (1992: 36) speech
function (discourse semantics) has been stratified with respect to mood
(lexicogrammar) on the content plane. That means realization of speech function
in mood can help the reader to find out the kinds of the structure in the
sentence and the meaning of the sentence which refers to get the information
from the sentence itself.
Secondly,
based on the previously research’s findings in which for example; there is
researcher analyzed speech function in several phenomena namely Sembiring
(2009) who analyzed “Speech Function in
Slogan of Television Advertisement” in this study with speech functions in
the slogan of television advertisement. In the theory of speech functions,
Martin (1992: 36) states that speech function is a semantic aspect of meaning
which is realized by mood at level of lexicogrammar. In this case, all the
speech function should be coded by three moods namely declarative,
interrogative, and imperative. The four speech functions (offer, command,
statement, and question) are semantic in nature. They find their realizations
in mood which is an aspect of interpersonal meaning at the level of
lexicogrammatical. In their congruent representation, the speech functions of
the statement, question, and command are realized by declarative,
interrogative, and imperative. The finding of this study is that speech
function used in slogan of shampoo product is giving statement or give
information. From the previous research above, the research conclude that the
research explained about speech function of the statement, question, and
command are realized by kinds of mood (declarative, interrogative, and
imperative) in slogan of television advertisement. In this research, researcher
wants to make specifically analyzing realization of speech function in mood in
the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speeches.
The speeches are taken
from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) as issued on Jakarta “Bombings” July 18, 2009 and President
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011. Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono, also known by his initials SBY, won over voters in Indonesia’s first democratic
elections with his image as a man of integrity, a strong communicator and firm
leader in times of crisis. Mr. Yudhoyono is probably best known internationally
for his leading role in Indonesia’s
fight against terrorism in the wake of the Bali
bombing in 2009. His speech on the anniversary
of the attack was seen as one of the strongest delivered by any Indonesian
leader on an issue which is still politically sensitive. SBY is also working on
establishing an engagement platform with the world that rests on peace,
democracy and economic development to gain leadership status. From the
phenomena, the researcher wants to describe realization of speech function in
mood in SBY speeches.
1.2 Problem of the Study
In
accordance with the background of the study, the problems of this study are
formulated as follows.
1.
How are speech functions realized in moods in SBY speeches?
2.
What is the dominant speech function in SBY speeches?
3.
Why is the dominant speech function realized in the way
it is?
1.3 Objective of the Study
In relation of the problems, the objectives of the study are
1.
to identify speech functions realized in moods in SBY’s
speeches,
2.
to identify the dominant speech function in SBY’s
speeches, and
3.
the reason for the use of the dominant speech function.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The
study is focused on realization of speech function in mood. This research
concerns on the four primary speech functions, namely statement, question,
command, and offer. They are investigated in their realizations of mood. Mood
focuses on the kinds of mood. They are (1) declarative, (2) interrogative, and
(3) imperative.
To
avoid the broad discussion and to make this research manageable, this research
concerns on SBY’s speeches such as SBY’s Speech on the Jakarta “Bombings” July 18, 2009 and President SBY’s speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta,
Monday, 30 Mei 2011. The researcher chooses both of the speeches because the
speaker has the same strong emotion in the speech.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The
findings of the study are expected to give some relevant contribution to the
following.
- Theoretically, grammatical research through
realization of speech function in mood in the speech gives contributions
about how the units combine to produce acceptable sentences and how to
describe the language works.
- Practically, the finding of this study can be used as
a model to identify and understand about realization of speech function in
mood in the speech for social phenomenon such as daily conversation,
dialogue, text, story and so on.
- Academically the finding can be a helpful way for
developing and increasing the world science especially in educating of
discourse and pragmatics in the education department. Moreover, it is the
specific contribution to the language itself.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Speech Functions
Speech
functions (Martin, 1992: 36) is a semantic aspect of meaning which is realized
by mood at the level of lexicogrammar. That means mood is talking about the
structure of the sentence and the speech function is talking about the meaning
of the sentence. Both of them should be realize in the sentence. In this case,
speech functions should be realized by moods, they are (1) declarative, (2)
interrogative, and (3) imperative. All of these are the representation of human
beings utterances in their communication. Therefore, speech functions are used
to exchange human’s experiences through language function by using
interpersonal meaning and realized by mood.
2.1.1 Types of Speech Functions
According to Martin (1992: 45) the speech functions network can
now elaborated which follow:
1)
Call [attending: calling/initiating] John
2)
Greeting [attending: greeting/initiating] See you.
3)
Exclamation [negotiating: reacting/initiating] Utter rubbish!
4)
Offer [ negotiating: exchanging:
giving/goods
& service] Let
me get you a beer.
5)
Command [negotiating: exchanging:
Demanding/goods
& services] Get
me a beer.
6)
Statement [ negotiating: exchanging: giving/
Information/
initiating] He
was won.
Question
[negotiating: exchanging:
7)
Demanding/information/initiating] Has he won?.
That
means speech functions have many various forms in the sentence because the
sentences are the unity of the kinds of structure which have the meaning of the
sentences. In the other hand, according to Saragih (2004: 12) speech functions
are summarized as follows:
a)
Giving/ information =
statement [ They play football]
b)
Demanding/information =
question [ Do they play football]
c)
Giving/goods & services = offer [
Let us play football]
d)
Demanding/goods & services = command [ Play the
football]
There are four speech functions used in a communication, they
are statement, offer, question, and command. All of them are realized by mood
to perform two roles, namely Giving and Demanding, while the two exchanges may
be either Information or Goods & Services, are described in the following
Saragih (2005: 12).
|
Commodity
Role in exchange
|
(a) good &
services
|
(b) information
|
|
(1) Giving
|
‘offer’
|
‘statement’
|
|
Let us play the
football
|
They are playing
the football
|
|
(2) Demanding
|
‘command’
|
‘question’
|
|
Play the
football!
|
What are they
playing?
|
Table
1.1:
Types of Speech Functions.
With
reference to systemic functional linguistic theories, as developed by Halliday
(1994: 69) and other systemicists, the four speech functions are summarized as
follows:
1)
Giving/information = statement
2)
Demanding/information =
question
3)
Giving/ goods & services = offer
4)
Demanding/ goods & services = command
From
the statement above, the types of speech functions have simple; it will be
easier to divide the types of speech functions in the several sentences. It
will be focused in this research.
2.1.2 Realization of Speech Function in Mood
Halliday
(1994: p. xx) the relation between the semantics and the grammar is one of
realization: the wording ‘realizes’, or encodes, the meaning. The wording, in
turn, is ‘realized by’ sound or writing. There is no sense in asking which
determines which; the relation is a symbolic one. It is not possible to point
to each symbol as an isolate and ask what it means; the meaning is encoded in
the wording as an intergreted whole. From the statement, it can conclude that
semantics and grammar both of them can not separate each other in the sentence.
In relation from that statement, there is another theory about semantics and
grammar which call speech function as discourse semantics and mood as
lexicogrammar. The four speech functions (statement, question, offer, and
command) find their realization in mood which is an aspect on interpersonal
function at the level of lexicogrammar. The representation of speech function ‘statement’ is realized by ‘declarative’, ‘question’ is realized by ‘interrogative’,
and ‘command’ is realized by ‘imperative’. However, the speech function of ‘offer’ does
not have an unmarked representation of Mood. It is realized by any one of the
four speech functions. The unmarked realizations of the speech functions are
realized in moods following Saragih (2005: 13).
|
Speech
Function
|
 Statement
|
 Offer
|
 Question
|
 Command
|
|
Mood
|
|
Declarative
|
O
|
|
Interrogative
|
Imperative
|
= ‘realized
by’
Figure 1.1: Realization of Speech Functions in Mood
Further
elaboration is presented in Table 1.2
|
Speech
Function
|
Mood
|
Examples
|
|
Statement
Question
Command
Offer
|
Declarative
Interrogative
Imperative
-
|
He came to the office yesterday
Did you go to the movie?
Open the door!
Let me take the book for you
|
Table 1.2 : Elaboration Realization of Speech Functions
in Mood
From
the theory above, it will be helping the researcher to answering the problem of
the study. It will be describing speech functions realized in moods in SBY’s
speeches. It will be focused in this research.
2.2 Speech
2.2.1 Theory of Speech
Speech according to Saussure ((1916)1986: 19), is the sum total of what people say, and it
comprises (a) individual combinations of words, depending on the will of the
speakers, and (b) acts of phonation, which are also voluntary and are necessary
for the execution of the speakers’ combinations of words. Speech is the vocalized form of
human communication. It is
based upon the
syntactic combination of
lexicals
and
names
that are drawn from very large (usually >10,000 different
words)
vocabularies.
Each spoken word is created out of the
phonetic
combination of a limited set of
vowel
and
consonant
speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and
their set of speech sound units, differ creating the existence of many
thousands of different types of
mutually unintelligible human
languages.
Human speakers (
polyglots) are often able to communicate in two or more of
them. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also provide
humans with the ability to
sing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech). From that statement
above, researcher conclude that speech is the collection of many vocabularies
in the several forms of the grammatical structures.
Experience with speech builds our
cognitive capacities, and our language behavior then continues to develop and
change in a highly interactive speech environment. We need to understand speech
production and speech perception as well as we can if we are to make the most
of our study of linguistic structure. When we do study the linguistics of
speech, we achieve definite findings that can help us to determine the
relationship of speech to the linguistics of linguistic structure, to
reconsider developments in historical linguistics.
2.2.2 Towards a Formal Model of Speech
According to William (2009: 252) speech is a complex system. This
simple statement conveys a great deal of information, especially in contrast to
notions of language considered as linguistic structure:
(a) Speech is open and dynamic, as opposed
to a static structure;
(b) Speech includes a very large number of
interactive components/agents, as opposed to a hierarchical arrangement of
types;
(c) Speech shows emergent order, as opposed
to rule-bound relations;
(d) The distribution of units in speech is
non-linear, as opposed to an assumption of random use or normal distribution;
(e) Speech has the property of
scaling, as opposed to homogenous unity.
All of these properties and
conditions may at first appear to be too diverse to manage within a model, but
they come down to just two elements, speech production and speech perception as
required for interactions in the speech circuit,
2.2.3 Kinds
of Speech
During this
course you will have to do a number of speeches. This page explains about the
four main types of speech (http://www.nsknet.or.jp/~peterr-s/public_speaking/speechtypes.html).
1. An Informative Speech
An Informative speech is written
to provide interesting and useful information to increase the knowledge of your
audience. This might involve providing information about a person, and animal
or an object. It might centre on information regarding a process, a 'How to'
speech e.g. How to Surf the Internet (http://www.famous-speeches-and-speech-topics.info/speech-topics/informative-speech.htm). An Informative Speech is like teaching. The purpose of an informative
speech is to try to teach something to the audience. The success of your speech
depends on whether the audience learns what you wanted to teach them. You need
to tell the audience why the information is useful and valuable. You need to
make sure that the audience understands and remembers the essential
information. Some examples of an informative speech:
a)
A teacher telling
students about earthquakes
b)
Someone telling some
foreign students about the Cherry Blossom Season
c)
A student telling
people about her research
d)
A tour guide telling
people about the Tower
of London
e)
A computer programmer
telling people about new software
f)
Someone telling the
audience about his hometown
The
Main Elements to Writing an Informative Speech
The main elements to writing a successful and effective Informative speech are
to convey your knowledge and your ability to explain the subject:
1)
Knowledge
- Establish credibility by demonstrating expertise and
knowledge of the subject - conveying information,, presenting ideas, facts and
statistics to adequately inform the audience about the subject
2)
Key
Points - Repeat all the Key points to ensure maximum knowledge retention
3)
Interest
- Conveying the subject with enthusiasm and including unusual facts or anecdotes
about the subject
The
Structure and Outline of an Informative Speech
What is a good
structure, outline or good guidelines to writing an Informative speech?
1)
Your
Opener - the opening, ice-breaker or attention grabber
2)
Introduction
- Tell them what the speech is about and what your main
points will be
3)
Knowledge
- Establish credibility by demonstrating expertise and knowledge of the subject
- conveying information, presenting ideas, facts and statistics to adequately
inform the audience about the subject
4)
Confirmation
- Confirm and repeat the key points
5)
Conclusion
- Try to end with a memorable punch line or positive
statement
Famous
Examples of Informative Speeches
What are some famous
examples of Informative speeches?
1) American Declaration of Independence
2) British Declaration Of War Neville
Chamberlain, 193
2. A layout Speech
A
layout Speech is like giving someone directions, or explaining the location of
a place. It is not very common as a formal speech, but it is something you
often have to when explaining to people about a town or large building. A
layout speech tells the audience where things are. It may also describe there
size and shape. Gestures are very important in a layout speech. In fact, this
is a good chance to practice your gestures. The success of your speech depends
on whether the audience can find their way round the place you have described.
Some examples of a layout speech:
a)
An interior designer
explaining the layout of the new city hall
b)
A police officer
giving directions to lost tourists
c)
A real estate agent
describing the features of a new house
d)
A receptionist helping
a visitor find the conference room
e)
A tour guide
explaining the floor plan of a large art museum
3. A Demonstration Speech
A
demonstration speech is like an informative speech because you have to teach
the audience about something. However, in a demonstration speech you will not
just tell the audience about something, you will also tell them how to do
something. Your speech will be successful if at the end of your speech the
audience can do what you showed them to do.
Some examples of a demonstration speech:
a)
A ski instructor
demonstrating how to perform a turn
b)
A policeman telling
someone how to get to the station
c)
A chef telling his
audience how to make chocolate cake
d)
A tour guide telling
people how to use the underground system in London
e)
A computer programmer
showing people how to use new software
f)
A teacher showing a
student how to do an experiment
4. A Persuasive Speech
A
persuasive speech contains information to help people make a decision. The
purpose of a persuasive speech is to persuade people to change in some way. For
example, it could be to change the way they think about something. Or it could
be to change the way they do things. Finally, it could be to persuade the
audience to do something that they do not do now. Your speech will be
successful if at the end of your speech the audience is willing to make the
change you suggested.
Some examples of a persuasive speech:
a)
A lawyer trying to
convince a jury
b)
A salesclerk trying to
persuade customers to buy a new product
c)
A politician asking
people to vote for her
d)
A nurse persuading a
patient to stop smoking
e)
A student trying to
get a friend to lend him some money
f)
An environmentalist
trying to get people to start thinking about the environment
Speech has many
kinds of speech namely informative speech, persuasive speech, layout speech,
and demonstration speech. The researcher chooses the informative speech in the Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY)
speeches. The informative
speech is from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) Speech on the Jakarta
“Bombings”July18, 2009 (http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/) and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) speech about
“SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Senin, 30
Mei 2011 (http://www.eocommunity.com). The researcher chooses the informative
speech because it has always used in the society. It will be easily to the academic
contribution to understand the topic in the phenomena.
2.2.4 News Conference
A
news conference or
press conference is a
media event
in which newsmakers invite journalists to hear them speak and, most often, ask
questions. A
joint press conference
instead is held between two or more talking sides. In a news conference, one or
more speakers may make a statement, which may be followed by questions from
reporters. Sometimes only questioning occurs; sometimes there is a statement
with no questions permitted.
News
conferences are often held by
politicians (such as the
President of the United States);
by sports teams; by celebrities or film studios; by commercial organizations to
promote products; by
attorneys to promote
lawsuits;
and by almost anyone who finds benefit in the free publicity afforded by media
coverage. Some people, including many police chiefs, hold news conferences
reluctantly in order to avoid dealing with reporters individually. A news conference
is often announced by sending an advisory or
news release
to
assignment editors, preferably well in advance.
Sometimes they are held spontaneously when several reporters gather around a
newsmaker.
News
conferences can be held just about anywhere, in settings as formal as the
White House
room set aside for the purpose to as informal as the street in front of a crime
scene. Hotel conference rooms and courthouses are often used for news
conferences (
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_conference).
The purpose of a press
conference is to convene the media, release new information to them, to
highlight an upcoming action, or call on Congress or another official to take
action on your issue. Generally, there are two types of press conferences -
reactive and proactive. Reactive press conferences respond to breaking news,
and proactive ones are done at your initiative to create or announce a story.
It is important to make sure you have "news" to deliver. Otherwise,
you risk damaging your reputation as a credible news source (
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/
the-press-conference.html).
2.2.5 Ethos in Traditional Rhetoric
According
to Aristotle in Hoffman and Ford (2010: 26) that in discussing ethos, contended
that a speaker could persuade an audience by showing himself (rhetors were all
men in ancient Greece) to be a good person. He wrote that.
the character the speaker is a cause of
persuasion when the speech is so uttered as to make him worthy to belief; for
as a rule we trust men of probity more,
and more qickly, about things in general, while on points outside the realm of
exact knowledge, where opinion is divided, we trust absolutely. (p.8)
In
other words, Aristotle argued that we always trust honest people more readily,
and we rely on our judgement of honesty even more when the issue is one on
which people disagree.
According to Aristotle
(trans. 1932), a speaker with persuasive power of ethos had three qualities ―
intelligence, character, and goodwill. Intelligence is fairly-explanatory. An
intelligent rhetor has made wise decisions based on knowledge and ability. The
criterion of character compares the beliefs and actions of rhetors against the
standard of the society in which they operate. Goodwill refers to whether or
not rhetors demonstrate concerns of their audiences.
Rooted
in the ideas of Aristotle, the five canons of rhetoric describe the five basic
ingredients of any speech-the most traditional form of rhetoric. The five
canons are as follows:
1)
Invention – the development of ideas and support
At
this stage, speakers explore the topic and
researching audiences for find the most
appropriate method of persuasion. For Aristotle
rhetoric none other than the ability to determine in certain
events and certain
situations, the existing
methods of persuasion. In this stage also, the speaker
formulate goals and
collect materials (arguments) that match with
the needs of audiences.
2)
Organization – the order in which ideas appear
At
this stage, the speakers make speeches or
organize messages. Aristotle called Taxis
which mean division.
Messages must be
divided into several sections that are
logically related. Following composition follow
the habits of human thought: an introduction, statements, arguments, and epilogue.
According to Aristotle, the introduction serves to
attract attention, growing credibility
(ethos), and explain
the purpose.
3)
Style – the use of language
At
this stage speakers choose words and
use language right
to "pack" the message. Aristotle
said that use appropriate
language, correct and rhyme were
discovered, select the words
a clear and
direct sentences convey
the beautiful, noble, and alive,
and adjust the language
with the message, audience and speaker.
4)
Memory – how rhetoric is committed in memory
At this
stage the speaker should remember what he wanted
conveyed, by regulating the speech materials. Aristotle
suggested "donkey bridge" to facilitate
memory.
5)
Delivery – the way that verbal and nonverbal actions
contribute to the speech
At this
stage, the speaker delivered
his message orally. Here acting very
influential. Speakers should
pay attention to sound and body movements.
From the statement above, it will help the
researcher to explain whether the SBY’s speeches are as good as the rule of the
speech and to know the character of SBY’s speeches.
2.2.6 SBY’s Speeches Opinion
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono,
also known by his initials SBY, won over voters in Indonesia’s first democratic
elections. There are some opinions about the SBY’s speeches. First,
“Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s (SBY) Speech
about the Bombing” by
Elisheva Wiriaatmadja (
The writer is a lecturer and consultant on
public affairs issues of ASEAN, and president director at ASEAN Outreach)
on July 18th, 2009. She says that SBY
expressed his
anger towards those behind the bombings in a press conference held at the
Presidential Palace in Jakarta. SBY
said there
is a possibility that the real target of the bombing was actually himself,
considering that this has happened only shortly after the presidential election
where SBY
was leading by 61%. The result of the
election has not been announced yet but it does seem to be an obvious and easy
win for SBY
. In the press conference that
Friday afternoon after the bombing, SBY
held
up intelligence supplied photographs of himself which he claimed had been used
as target practice by hooded men.
However, SBY still urged
that this be given top priority in investigation to find out what the bombing
was really about. It may be related to the presidential election but it may
also be another Islamist terrorist attack after 5 years of peace since the last
bombing in 2004. Indonesia has fought hard against Islamist terrorist, helped
by foreign governments, especially Australia. Here is a quote of the Australian
online news,
the Australian.
No country has done
more, or better, than Indonesia in fighting Islamist terrorism. There have been
hundreds of arrests, dozens of transparent trials that have educated a
skeptical Indonesian public about the intentions and capabilities of the
Islamist groups. Hundreds of people have gone to jail long-term. A society-wide
consensus has been forged against terrorism. The biggest and most influential
Islamic groups all condemn terrorism without qualification. Indonesia has not
done all this to please Washington, still less to please Australia. The nation
has taken this stand because it reflects Indonesia’s values and interests and
identity. Indonesia is not a permissive environment for terrorism. Yet seven
years after the Bali bombings, Islamist terrorists can still blow up a
five-star hotel, the JW Marriott which they bombed five years ago (
http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/)
.
Secondly opinions, the article is talking about “SBY Tak Perlu Keluhkan SMS Gelap ke Publik”
(
http://id.berita.yahoo.com)
TRIBUNNEWS.COM,
JAKARTA - Wakil Ketua DPR, Pramono Anung sangat menyayangkan
pidato Presiden SBY yang merespon beredarnya pesan singkat gelap yang mengaku
berasal dari Nazaruddin dan berisi "borok-borok" Partai Demokrat dan
SBY.
Seharusnya SBY sebagai presiden
memerhatikan kabar-kabar dan informasi di sosial media seperti Twitter dan
Facebook.
"Ya tentunya sebagai
presiden dan kepala negara SBY perlu mendengarkan banyak hal termasuk di sosial
media. Lebih arif ini tidak secara langsug disampaikan SBY karena SBY simbol
kita semua," ujar Pramono di gedung DPR, Jakarta, Senin(30/5/2011).
Menurut Pramono, kalau
disampaikan secara langsung dikhawatirkan akan muncul kegusaran. Dengan adanya
Twitter dan Facebook, lanjut Pramono, jarak antara pimpinan dan masyarakat
semakin dekat.
"Kalau secara langsung ada
kegusaran. Dengan konteks ini dengan adanya Twitter, jarak antara pimpinan dan
masyarakat umum semakin dekat. Kalau saya lihat pribadi suara publik di sosial
media harus memperkaya sikap pemerintah terhadap apa-apa yang jadi konsen publik.
Bukan kemudian memberikan sosial warning. Jadi tidak perlu meminta tindak
lanjut," jelasnya.
Sementara itu terkait tindak
lanjut SMS dari Singapura tersebut, Pramono menilai hal itu sudah pasti
terregistrasi dan tak perlu SBY sebagai Presiden menindaklanjutinya.
"Kalau soal tindak lanjut
SMS dari Singapura nomor bisa prabayar.Karena kalau nomor bagus pasti
teregistrasi, jadi tidak perlu pak SBY yang melakukan itu cukup suruh direktur
atau BIN tindak lanjuti. Tidak perlu minta tindak lanjut," tandasnya.
Those are the
phenomena which are telling about the SBY’s speech opinion. Based on the
opinion above, the researcher is going to find the fact of those opinions by
his speech. SBY is the first man in Indonesia. Many people are always be
waiting for his policy. He is the second leading as a president and nowadays so
many issues in the society have talked about his leadership. That is why the
researcher chooses SBY to be the object of this research. From those phenomena,
the researcher will describe about SBY speeches will be analyzing by the theory
about realization of speech function in mood. The researcher wants to cover up
the theory about realization of speech function in mood in SBY speeches.
2.3 Mood and Residue
2.3.1 Mood
Language is a natural part of the process of living; it is
also used to store the experience built up in the course of that process, both
personal and collective. It is (among other things) a tool for representing
knowledge or, to look at this in terms of language itself, for constructing
meaning. Grammar is part of' this resource. But the relation of grammar to
other parts of the linguistic system is not a part to whole relation; rather,
it is a symbolic one. Grammar is a resource for creating meaning in the form of
wordings. For Halliday, grammar is always seen as meaningful (1994: p. xvii):
A language … is a system for making
meanings: a semantic system, with other systems for encoding the meanings it
produces. The term ‘semantics’ does not simply refer to the meanings of words;
it is the entire system of meanings of a language, expressed by grammar as well
as by vocabulary. In fact the meanings are encoded in ‘wordings’: grammatical
sequences, or ‘syntagms’, consisting of items of both kinds – lexical items
such as most verbs and nouns, grammatical items like the and of and if, as well as those of an in between
type such as prepositions.
To illustrate this point by reference to one broad area of
semantics and grammar an area that it will characterize as interpersonal: this
is one of three such general areas, the other two being ideational and textual.
Halliday’s functional grammar is based on the premise that
language has three major functions, metafunction, for its users; it is a means
of reflecting on things, and a means of acting on things-though the only things
it is possible to act on by means of a symbolic systems such as language are
humans (and some animals). Halliday
calls these two functions the ideational function and the interpersonal
function. Both these functions rely on a third, the textual function, which
enables the other two to be realized, and which ensures that the language used
is relevant.
In its interpersonal function, as an
interactive event, an exchange between speakers, the clause in English is
organized in terms of mood. Mood is the relationship between the grammatical
subjects of the clause. So any indicative clause-a clause which has a subject
and a finite element will have a mood structure. Subject and finite together
make up the proposition of the clause, the part that can be affirmed, denied,
questioned, and negotiated by speakers in other ways (wished about, hoped for,
demanded, etc).
According to Radford (2004: 462),
mood: this is a term describing inflectional properties of finite verbs.
(Auxiliary and non-auxiliary) verbs in English can be in the indicative mood,
subjunctive mood or imperative mood; examples of each type of mood are given by
italicized verb forms in the following: ‘He hates
[=indicative] spaghetti’; ‘The court ordered that he be [=subjunctive] detained indefinitely’: ‘Keep [=imperative] quiet!’ The mood of the verb determines aspects
of the interpretation of the relevant clause, so that e.g. subjunctive verbs
occur in irrealis clause. On other word, according to Morley (2000: 98); Mood
in the (main) clause reflects whether the clause contains a subject, and
whether it contains a predicator and a finite element, and in what form, and it
has an impact on the nature of the word order. According to Thompson (1996: 42)
explains about the identifying Subject and Finite and Mood in non-declarative
clauses.
In the other hand, according to
Martin (1992: 31) concerns with the semantics of mood in English (the
grammatical description of mood proposed in Halliday 1976b: 105-110). Its basic
concern will be to interpret mood from a discourse perspective as a resource
for negotiating meaning in dialogue. It considers two central mood systems,
which classify English clauses as three basic types of interact are described
in the following Martin (1992: 31) in Fig.1.2:
declarative
Indicative
interrogative
imperative
Figure 1.2: Two mood systems
Traditionally,
these systems and structures have come to be viewed as formal ones-the basic
syntax of the English clause. Halliday (1984a, 1985a) on the other hand
suggests that proposes a semantic perspective on the grammatical labels along
the following lines, fleshing out the paradigm with an additional category
which is not grammaticalised in mood at the very general level of delicacy
outlined, which is described in the following Martin (1992: 32) in Table. 1.3:
|
|
Giving
|
Demanding
|
|
Good & Services
|
Offer
|
Command
|
|
Information
|
Statement
|
Question
|
Table. 1.3 : Semantic interpretation of central mood
systems
Offer
and Commands are grouped together by Halliday as proposals, Statements and Commands as propositions:
Proposals:
Offer Can I get you a drink?
Command Get me a drink, would you?
Propositions:
Statement There’s
lots of beer.
Question Is
there any Tooheys?
Semantically
oriented labels of this kind highlight the meaning of the grammatical terms (in
this case, their typical function in dialogue) and are used throughout Halliday
(1985a) to focus on the grammar as a functionally organized meaning making
resource (rather than as a syntax, or set of forms).
Following Halliday (1984a) the semantic inventory of
interacts can now be expanded into four pairs, which will be referred to
provisionally, following work in ethno methodology (e.g. Schegloff & Sacks
1973) namely:
Offer Can I get you a
drink?
Acknowledge offer - Yes, thanks.
Command Get me a drink, will you?
Response offer to command - Alright, I will
Statement The match is at 2 pm.
Acknowledge statement - Oh, is it?
Question What time’s the match?
Response statement to question - At 2 pm.
The
grammar then makes available resources for trying an initiation to a response
and for orienting the exchange to goods and services or information and to
giving or demanding (declarative, interrogative, and imperative). The mood
systems considered to this point are along with the speech function network
which is realized in the following Martin (1992: 35).
imperative wh
clause
ellipsis
mood
implicit
residue ellipsis
substitution
Figure 1.3 : Mood – key systems
2.3.1.1 Identifying Subject and Finite
The elements of mood are
grammatically Subject and Finite, in case of clause, Subject and Finite are
always together that cannot separated one and another. By involving the meaning in a clause in
details can be said that the linguistic experiences are exchanged as statement,
question, order or command which is stated by Subject. In other words, Subject
is the element being an argument (responsible) of statement, question, order or
command. It means that Subject is being focused in social interaction.
Finite
is the formulation of modus. Finite also is as marker (verbal operator) of
modus. There are two elements of group or verbal in English, they are Finite
itself which indicated time of the clause and on the major verb. The words
Finite are do, does, did, is, am, are, was, were, will, shall, should, would,
have, has, and had. Traditionally they are called Auxiliary Verbs. Mood in
English is realized by the position in the clause of the Subject and Finite.
It is usually relatively easy to identify the
Subject, and only a little less difficult to identify the Finite, but in cases
of doubt (at least in declarative clauses) we can establish exactly what the
Subject and Finite of any clause are by adding a tag question if one is not
already present (Thompson, 1996: 42). For example:
There, that didn’t hurt, did it?
A tag question
repeats the two elements in the Mood at the end of the clause: the Finite is
made explicit, even if it is fused with the lexical in the clause, and the
Subject is picked up by the pronoun in the tag. Table 1.4 shows the links that
it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 42).
|
She
Ted
Running a
hotel
These two
quotes
|
was
wouldn’t
isn’t
[present]
|
shopping in
town
have married
her
as easy it
might look
exemplify many
of the points
|
wasn’t
[would
[is
[don’t]
|
she?
he?]
it?]
they?]
|
|
Subject
|
Finite
|
|
F
|
S
|
Table 1.4: Tags showing Subject and Finite
One implication
of this method of identifying the Subject is that it leads us to include
certain things that are not traditionally called Subjects, especially ‘empty
it’ and ‘there’ in clauses like those shown in Table 1.5.
Most of the Subject in the examples
so far has been relatively simple; but the nominal group functioning as Subject
may be much more complex, especially in certain genres such as academic
articles. For example, there may be a complex nominal group consisting of more
than one constituent functioning that it is realized in the following Thompson
(1996: 43).
|
It
It
There
|
‘s
was
should
|
pouring down
outside
half past
seven
be another one
like this
|
isn’t
wasn’t
[shouldn’t
|
it?
it?
there?]
|
|
Subject
|
Finite
|
|
F
|
S
|
Table 1.5: ‘it’ and ‘there’ as Subject
together as
Subject (the Subject is in italics):
The loss of his father’s fortune and his
father’s subsequent death, along with the general decline in the family’s
circumstance, decreases the number of servants in the household [don’t
they?]
The nominal
group may include a postmodifying embedded clause:
Those who read these stories in the order in
which they are printed will observe the growing proliferation of his style
[won’t they?]
The subject function may also be performed by
an embedded clause on its own, functioning as the equivalent of a nominal
group:
To remark of Brooksmith that ‘the
scaffolding of this tale rests upon he existence of a class-stratified society’
is silly [isn’t it?]
With regard to
this last example, it is worth noting that, when the Subject is an embedded
clause, it is actually far more common to find an anticipatory ‘it’ in the
normal Subject position, with the embedded clause itself appearing at the end
of the clause of which it is subject. In this case, both ‘it’ and the embedded
clause are labeled as Subject:
In general, however, it is best to modernize only the spelling.
It’s
a real pain having to share in cold water.
It
has been found that a significant number
of children turn up at school being able to read.
It was from that sort of nonsense that he escaped the following year.
It is this latter question which is often ignored.
Whereas the
Subject function may be carried out by any nominal group of the kinds
illustrated above, the Finite is drawn from a small number of verbal operators.
These can be divided into two main groups: those which express tense (‘be’,
‘have’ and ‘do’, plus ‘be’ as the marker of passive voice) and those which
express modality (‘can’, ‘may’, ‘could’, ‘might’, ‘must’, ‘would’, ‘shall’,
‘should’, ‘ought to’). ‘Will’ and ‘would’can be included in the tense as well
as the modality group, because of their particular uses in signaling the
future. There are some less central operators, e.g. ‘used to’ for tense and
‘have to’ and ‘needn’t’ for modality; and a few marginal ones that tend to be
restricted to semi-idiomatic uses, e.g. ‘dare’ is Finite in ‘How dare you talk
to me like that?’.
From that theory, it can analyze
many kinds of sentences in SBY’s speeches to get subject and finite element
which is easy way to find the using SBY’s speeches.
2.3.1.2 Mood
in Non-Declarative Clauses
The Mood also
has a crucial function in signaling speech roles. The basic pattern is that the
presence of subject and Finite in the clause signals that the clause is
indicative rather than imperative; and within this category, the ordering of
the two elements distinguishes between declarative (Subject, then Finite) and
interrogative (Finite, then Subject). The following tables are derived on the
basic of idea developing by Thompson: 1996, 47).
|
Assessment
We
|
Will
[present]
|
paint well
enough?
have anything in common?
|
|
Subject
|
Finite
|
|
|
Mood
|
|
Table 1.6: Mood in declarative clause
|
Can
Do
|
He
We
|
paint well
enough?
have anything
in common?
|
|
Subject
|
Finite
|
|
|
Mood
|
|
Table 1.7: Mood in yes/no interrogative clauses
In yes/no
interrogative, it is primarily the polarity of the message which the speaker
wants the listener to specify (‘He can or can’t paint well enough?’), and for
thematic reasons, the speaker typically begins with the Finite, which is the
part of the Mood where polarity is signaled.
In WH-interrogatives, there are two
conflicting functions at work. The interrogative purpose is reflecting in the
fact that many WH-interrogatives have Finite preceding subject in the Mood.
However, the primary purpose of a WH-interrogative is to demand that the
listener fill in a missing part of the message; and the WH-element signals
which part is missing. For example, the question ‘When is he leaving?’ can be
seen as a demand for the other person to complete the message ‘He is leaving ….
[time expression]…..’. Again for thematic reasons, the speaker typically begins
with the WH-element (though occasionally find so-called ‘echo questions’ where
the WH-element remains in the place where the missing part would normally go:
‘He’s leaving when?’). In some case,
of course, it is the Subject that the speaker wants supplied; and thus the
WH-Subject in fact appears before the Finite.
Exclamatives
are like WH-interrogatives in that they have a WH-element, which typically
comes first; but they have the Subject^Finite ordering of declarative clauses
(remember that (^) is the symbol for ‘followed by’).
In imperative clauses, the unmarked
form has no Mood. The Subject of a command) the person responsible for carrying
it out) is not specified, since it can only be the addressee (‘you’) that it is
realized in the following Thompson (1996: 48).
|
Why
What
How many
|
Did
do
are
|
the affair
you
there/
|
end?
expect me to
do?
|
|
|
Finite
|
Subject
|
|
|
Mood
|
|
|
Table 1.8: WH-interrogative with known Subject
|
Who
What kind of
idiot
Who
|
‘s
would
[past]
|
been sleeping
in my bed?
do something
like that?
Typed out that
note?
|
|
Subject / WH-
|
Finite
|
|
|
Mood
|
Table 1.9: WH-interrogative with WH-element as Subject
|
What an
epitaph
How simple
|
that
it all
|
would
[past]
|
make!
seemed at the
time.
|
|
|
Subject
|
Finite
|
|
|
Mood
|
|
|
Table 1.10: Mood in exclamative clauses
In
interpersonal terms, an imperative is presented as not open to negotiation
(which does not mean, of course, that the command well actually be obeyed), and
thus most of the functions of the Finite are irrelevant: a command is absolute
(there are no imperative forms of the modal verbs), and there is no need to specify
time relevance since there is no choice (an imperative can only refer to an
action not yet carried out, i.e. it can only refer to future time). The Finite
may in fact appear in unmarked imperatives, but it has a restricted purpose: it
is used only to signal negative polarity.
There are, however, marked forms of
imperatives in which the Subject may appear; and the Finite may also be used
for emphasis that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996: 49).
|
Don’t
|
|
Go away
Answer no more
than three of the following questions
Look at me
like that.
|
|
Finite
|
[Subject]
|
|
|
Mood
|
Table 1.11: Unmarked imperative clauses
|
Do
Don’t
|
You
You
|
listen to me,
young man.
hurry up, for
goodness sake.
take that tone
of voice to me.
|
|
Finite
|
Subject
|
|
|
Mood
|
Table 1.12: Marked imperative clauses
Thompson has
mentioned that the Finite here in not a ‘normal’ Finite with the normal range
of functions; this is reflecting in the fact that it is not the same form as
appears if a tag is added at the end of an imperative clause:
Don’t tell him anything,
will you?
There is in fact a second kind of
imperative clause, where the understood subject is not ‘you’ but ‘you and me’:
this is the ‘let’s’ form. Halliday (1994: 87) argues that ‘let’s’ itself ‘is
best interpreted as a wayward form of the Subject’. In support of this, he
mentions that there is an unmarked negative form ‘don’t let’s’ and an emphatic
form ‘do let’s’. The suggested analyses are shown in Table 1.13 that it is
realized in the following Thompson (1996: 49).
|
Don’t
Do
|
Let’s
let’s
let’s
|
cail it a day.
argue about
it.
try and get it
right this time.
|
|
Finite
|
Subject
|
|
|
Mood
|
Figure 1.13: Let’s imperative clause
The tag in these
cases is ‘shall we?’
Identifying mood in non-declarative
clause explains about analyzing mood in the sentence of the non-declarative
clause. It can help to analyzing mood in non-declarative clause in SBY’s
speeches. Mood has divided into three kinds of mood such as subjunctive mood or
imperative mood, declarative mood, and interrogative mood. Mood in
non-declarative clause will help to analyzing mood in non-declarative clause
because speech has many kinds of clause in the sentence. If there is
non-declarative clause in the speech, it can be easier to analyzing mood in
non-declarative clause.
2.3.1.3 Kinds of Mood
According to Lock (1996: 177) mood divided into four types
of mood. Here, they are:
1. Declarative and Interrogative Moods
The distinction between declarative
and interrogative moods depends on the ordering of Subject and Finite. The
basic system, where ^ means followed by,
is as follows:
Declarative Subject^Finite
Wh-interrogative: wh- Finite^Subject
Yes-no
interrogative: Finite^Subject
The
Finite is always the first constituent of a verb group, while the remaining
constituents of the verb group function as Predicator, for example:
Declarative
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
(1) You should insulate yourself with a sleeve…..
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
(2) We have
already been searching for the answer….
Interrogative
FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR
(1) Can you
be leaving before
eight?
FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR
(2) Will you be leaving before eight?
Note:
that in declarative mood, Finite and Predicator are often fused (i.e., the
finite verb group consists only of a head), for example:
SUBJECT FINITE/
PREDICATOR
(1) They put the books in the box. [inv]
SUBJECT
FINITE/
PREDICATOR
(2) Examples of these ecological niches include…..
For emphatic versions of such declarative clauses, Finite and
Predicator are separated and the Finite is realized by forms of the auxiliary do, for example:
SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
(1) They did put the books in the box.
SUBJECT
FINITE PREDICATOR
(2) Examples of these ecological niches do include……
Similarly,
in interrogative mood clauses where there is no other auxiliary, form of do
function as Finite, for example:
FINITE SUBJECT
PREDICATOR
(1) Did they put the books in the boxes?
Wh- FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR
(2) When did you come here?
One exception to the use of do where there is no other auxiliary is
with the verb be. Even when it is a
lexical verb (i.e., is not an auxiliary), it does not form interrogative mood
or emphatic declarative mood with do.
Instead, the Finite and Predicator remain combined and both precede the
Subject. Thus, the yes-no
interrogative form of
SUBJECT FINITE/
PREDICATOR
(1) Last Monday was a holiday.
FINITE/
PREDICATOR SUBJECT
(2) Was last Monday a holiday?
FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR
(3) Did last Monday be a holiday?
An exception to the Finite^Subject
ordering of interrogative mood clauses is where the Wh- word is itself the Subject. In such cases, the order is simply Wh-^Finite, as in:
Wh-/SUBJECT FINITE
(1)
Who has been
eating my porridge?
Declarative and interrogative moods
explain about analyzing subject and finite element in the declarative and
interrogative sentence. Subject and finite is the term of mood. It will be
analyzing mood in the declarative and interrogative sentence by the SBY’s
speeches.
2. Imperative mood
The imperative
mood expresses direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. In many
circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is
often used with care. Imperative mood
clauses are typically realized by a Predicator in the V (base) form of the
verb, with no explicit Subject or Finite, for example.
(1) ……. sit on your bottom….
(2) …….leave me alone.
The Subject in such imperative clauses is understood to be you, and many
grammarians would regard such imperative mood clauses as cases of Subject
omission (technically ellipsis). The Subject is in fact sometimes stated, as in
these directives given by the same primary teacher quoted earlier.
(1) ……you make it beautiful.
(2) …..you boys go and sit over there.
The Finite auxiliary do may also sometimes be used in imperative mood clauses. This
normally has the effect of making the directive more polite in some contexts to
the extent of being an invitation rather
(1) Do come in. [inv]
However,
many speakers find these forms rather old-fashioned and prefer to mark the
politeness by using please rather
than do (e.g., please come in ).
Imperative mood is one of the types of mood so it can help the researcher to
analyzing mood in the imperative sentence of the SBY’s speeches.
3. Exclamative mood
Exclamative
mood clauses typically have the form what-Object/Complement^Subject^Finite or
how Complement^Adjunct^Subject^Finite, for example:
OBJECT SUBJECT FINITE/
PREDICATOR
(1) What nonsense you talk [inv]
COMPLEMENT SUBJECT FINITE PREIDICATOR
(2) What A fool I ‘ve been! [inv]
COMPLEMENT
SUBJECT FINITE/
PREDICATOR
(3) How foolish you are! [inv]
ADJUNCT SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR
(4) How quickly it has changed!
Note also that the speech act
exclamation is also often realized by a clause with no Subject, Finite, or
Predicator (technically a minor clause), as in the following.
(1)
What a mess!
(2)
How stupid!
Exclamative sentence is also one of
the part sentences in the speech because speech has built in many kinds of
sentences so the researcher will be able to analyzing mood in exclamative
sentence.
4. Mood and Polarity
Declarative,
interrogative, and imperative mood can each be combined with positive or
negative polarity. Most of the
examples considered so far have had positive polarity. For negative polarity,
the negative particle not (or n’t) directly follows the Finite. Where
there is no other auxiliary, the auxiliary do
again functions as Finite. The following are examples of declarative,
interrogative, and imperative clauses with negative polarity (Finite and
negative particle are underlined).
(1)
Developing countries may not benefit at all from
the new order.
(2)
She probably didn’t mean to hurt him.
(3)
Don’t you believe me?
(4)
What haven’t we done yet?
(5)
Don’t just rest on your laurels.
(6)
Don’t you touch that!
2.3.2 Residue
The
general term for part of the clause that is not the Mood is the Residue. There
are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator,
Complements, and Adjuncts.
Residue is modal function in the
interpretation of the clause as representation. The part of the clause does not
constitute the mood, namely the predicator, complements, and (non-modal) adjuncts.
The earlier term was Proposition. Residue is different from Predicate in the
logical / traditional Subject ^ Predicate analysis in a number of respects. For
instance, it only includes the Predicator part of the verbal group, not the
Finite (
http://web.mac.com/cmatthie_Glossary.html).
2.3.2.1 The Predicator
The
predicator is expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite. The
predicator is what there is of the verbal group in addition to the finite – if
there is one; some clauses, known as non-finite clauses, have only a predicator
‘for example eating curds and whey (Halliday,1985: 78). It has four functions
(ibid., p. 79):
(i)It specifies
time reference other than reference to the time of the speech event, i.e.
‘secondary’ tense: pat, present, or future relative to the primary tense…. (ii)
It specifies various other aspects and phases like seeming, trying, hoping….
(iii) It specifies the voice: active or passive …..(iv) It specifies the
process (action, event, mental process, relation) that is predicated of the
Subject. These can be exemplified from the verbal group has been trying to be heard, where the Predicator, been trying to be heard, expresses (i) a
complex secondary tense, been + ing; (ii) a conative phase, try + to; (iii) passive voice, be
+ -d; (iv) the mental process hear.
There can be
only one Predicator in any clause, and there must be a Predicator in any major
clause (i.e. a ‘major clause’ means a clause which includes a Predicator).
Since the Finite is not part of the Predicator, the Predicator itself is
non-finite. This can be seen most clearly from the fact that there are
non-finite clauses which have a Predicator but no Finite (they normally have no
Subject either), for example, the clause in italics in this sentence:
Tim stood for a while gazing at the cliff.
(where ‘gazing’
is the Predicator in the non-finite second clause, while ‘stood’ is the Finite
+ Predicator in the first clause).
The Predicator obviously expresses
the process – the action, happening, state, etc. in which the subject is
involved. In addition, it may perform three other functions. The first is to
specify ‘secondary tense’, that is, time reference other than the immediate
link to the time of speaking. For example (the Predicator is in italics):
Oh, we’ll have finished by six o’clock for sure.
Here, the Finite
‘’ll’ indicates that the proposition is valid for a time in the future from the
time of speaking; ‘have (finish)ed’, on the other hand, indicated that the
event of finishing will take place at a time before the reference point in the
future (‘six o’clock’) which has been set up – compare ‘We’ll finish at six
o’clock’, where there is no secondary tense expressed. The second function is
to specify various other aspects of the process, such as starting, trying,
achieving or continuing the process. For example:
He has managed to charge visitors for admission
to the churches.
Here ‘manage
to’, despite being the ‘main verb’ in traditional terms, is not the main
process, which is expressed by ‘charge’ – it tells us that the process has been
successfully carried out. Finally, the Predicator also specifies the voice:
active or passive.
Another diplomat had been shot in Piccadilly.
It is worth mentioning that ‘be’ has a special
status in that, strictly speaking, the simple present and past forms consist of
Finite with no Predicator. Whereas other verbs need a separate verbal operator
‘do’ to express the Finite (e.g. in yes/no interrogatives) ‘be’ does not: we
say “Are you comfortable?’ rather than ‘Do you be comfortable?’ For many (but
not all) speakers of English, ‘have’ behaves in the same way when it means
‘posses’: ‘Have you any wool?’ and ‘You haven’t any wool, have you?’. However,
other speakers will normally say ‘Do you have’ (treating ‘have’ as a normal
Predicator with a separate Finite) or ‘Have you got’ (where ‘have’ is the
verbal operator functioning as Finite, and the Predicator is ‘got’); and many
speakers, like myself, alternate between these three different options. In
analyzing ‘be’ and ‘have’ in the cases described here, it is simplest just to
label the Finite and not have a slot labeled ‘Predicator’.
2.3.2.2 The Complement
The clause may include one or two
Complements. According to Malmkjaer (2001: 145) the complement is anything that
could have functioned as the subject in the clause, but which does not,
including, thus, nominal groups realizing what other grammarians tend to refer
to as direct and indirect objects. In the following groups of examples, the
Complements are in italics in the first sentence, while the subsequent
sentences in the group are reworded to show how the Complement could have been
the Subject:
He brought her pamphlets on the Middle
East situation.
She was brought
pamphlets on the Middles East situation.
Pamphlets on the Middle East situation were brought.
Kate did not like this at all.
This did not please Kate
at all.
The strongest shape is the triangle.
The triangle is the
strongest shape.
There is,
however, one kind of Complement which cannot become Subject. This is the
Attribute in a relational process.
Interviewing politicians
is always entertaining.
The positions of
an attributive Complement and Subject may sometimes be reversed, but this does
not affect their roles – the ordering is for thematic purposes. In the
following example, ‘the issue of rate of decay’ remains the subject:
Of greater interest is the issue of rate of decay.
2.3.2.3 Adjuncts
The clause may also contain one or
more Adjuncts. Indeed, it may include quite a large number; it is relatively
easy to find examples like the following, with six Adjuncts, which do not sound
unnatural or unwieldy:
In an attempt to limit the
potential damage, John Prescott yesterday met privately with suspended party
members in Walsall over allegations of
intimidation.
The role of
Adjuncts is typically performed by an adverbial group or a prepositional
phrase: in the above example, ‘yesterday’ and ‘privately’ are adverbial groups,
while the remaining four Adjuncts are prepositional phrases. Adjuncts cannot in
themselves be chosen as Subject – that is the main difference between Adjuncts
and Complements. However, a prepositional phrase has its own internal
structure, consisting of a preposition followed by a Complement; and this
Complement may in certain circumstances be lifted out of the Adjuncts to become
Subject, leaving behind a truncated Adjunct consisting simply of the
preposition:
Had no one thought of that? Hadn’t that been thought of?
It may also
conflate with Complement or Adjunct, that is, it may be asking the other person
to supply the Complement or Adjunct on order to complete the message. In the
first example below, ‘what’ is Complement, while in the second ‘how far’ is
Adjunct.
What would you have
done?
How far have you got to
go?
The same in fact
applies to other WH-elements, not just those in interrogatives. In the relative
clauses in the following examples (in italics) ‘who’ is Subject in the first,
while ‘whose unpronounceable name’ is Complement in the second:
She thought all the time
of Ben, who was a prisoner somewhere.
There was a visiting American Professor, whose unpronounceable name she immediately forgot.
And in the
following reported clause (in italics), ‘why’ is Adjunct (standing in for
something like ‘he chose history for a
certain reason’):
I don’t know why he chose history.
There is one
further step it must take before it has completed the identification of all the
elements in the Mood – Residue analysis. In the discussion above, it has
treated all Adjuncts as if they formed a single type of constituent for the
purposes of the analysis that it is realized in the following Thompson (1996:
53).
|
Was
|
Lying
|
on his back.
|
|
Finite
|
Predicator
|
Adjunct
|
|
Residue
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
On the following day
|
he
|
did not
|
Go
|
Out
|
early.
|
|
Adjunct
|
Subject
|
Finite
|
Predicator
|
Adjunct
|
Adjunct
|
|
|
Mood
|
|
|
Residue
|
|
Why
|
did
|
you
|
leave
|
the convent
|
so suddenly?
|
|
Adjunct /WH-
|
Finite
|
Subject
|
Predicator
|
Complement
|
Adjunct
|
|
|
Mood
|
|
|
Residue
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
It
|
[past]
|
occurred
|
to me
|
on a recent
conference trip
|
that my
summary is destined to become truer than I thought
|
|
S-
|
Finite
|
Predicator
|
Adjunct
|
Adjunct
|
-ubject
|
|
|
Residue
|
|
|
Mood
|
Table 1.14: Analyzing Mood and Residue
However, it in
fact needs to distinguish three types of Adjunct, each of which is treated
differently. The Adjuncts in Figure 15 all contribute to the experiential
meaning of the clause – they tell us things like when, or how, or where, or why
the event happened.
All of the explanation above, residue
is one of the important things to analyze mood in the speech. The residue has
three kinds of functional elements namely: predicator, complement, and adjunct.
Those are helping to find out the component of residue in the speech.
2.6 Mood in Bahasa Indonesia
According
to Sneddon (1996: 309) sentences can be classified according to the basic
reason for their utterance. This is usually called mood and mode. The four
moods recognized here are statements, questions, imperatives, and exclamations.
2.6.1 Statement
Statements are used when
we give information, express an opinion and so on. Statements are sometimes
said to be in the declarative mood.
2.6.2 Questions
Questions are sometimes
said to be in the interrogative mood. There are two types of question; yes-no
questions. In both types –kah can
occur to mark the construction as a question. Questions can be placed within
statements. These are called indirect questions.
Yes – No Questions
Questions which seek the
answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ are yes-no questions:
Kamu lapar?
Are you hungry?
Tidak.
No
(The answer
might not be a simple positive or negative; there are many other responses,
such as kadang-kadang ‘sometimes’, mungkin ‘possibly’, and so on).
Yes-no questions are
spoken with interrogative intonation, marked by a rise in final pitch, and
written with a final question mark. Frequently intonation (a question mark in
writing) is the only difference between a statement, marked by a fall in final
pitch, and a yes-no question:
Sri sudah pulang.
Sri has gone home.
Sri sudah pulang?
Has Sri gone home?
Dia guru?
Is he a teacher?
A yes-no question does
not usually have a different word order from the corresponding statement.
However, if boleh occurs it usually
precedes the subject:
Boleh saya masuk?
May I come in?
A yes-no question can be
made overtly interrogative by placing apa
or apakah before it. This is more
common in writing and formal speech:
Apa ini hari Selasa?
Is this Tuesday?
Apakah dia guru?
Is she a teacher?
In this context apa(kah),
which is here called a question marker, has no lexical function but simply
signals that what follows is a question. It must be distinguished from the
question word apa ‘what’:
Apa dia sudah makan?
Has she eaten?
Dia sudah makan apa?
What has she eaten?
The first
sentence above contains the questions marker apa, which can be omitted:
Dia
sudah makan?
Has she eaten?
In the second
sentence apa ‘what’ is the object of
the verb and can not be omitted. If question marker apa does not occur –kah
can be attached to another word to signal that the construction is a question,
that word usually being placed first in the clause:
Sudahkah
dia makan?
Has
she had the meal?
Indirect
specific questions can occur as object or complement of a verb:
Saya
tidak tahu mengapa rapat itu dibatalkan.
I don’t know why the meeting was
cancelled.
Saya
lupa di mana saya menyimpan surat itu.
I forget where I put the letter.
The indirect
question can be the subject in a passive clause; it usually follows the verb:
Belum
diketahui siapa yang akan menjadi dekan.
It isn’t known yet who will become
the dean.
An indirect
yes-no question must be preceded by apa(kah), translated ‘if, whether’, as the
question loses its interrogative intonation there is no other signal that it is
a question. Like indirect specific questions these can occur as object or
complement or as subject in a passive clause:
Kami
ragu-ragu apa dia bisa lulus ujian.
We are doubtful whether he can pass
the exam.
Saya
tidak tahu apakah bis ini berhenti di Pasar Senen.
I don’t know if this bus stops at
Pasar Senen.
Yes-no questions
ending with atau plus a negative can also become indirect questions:
Dia
bertanya apa mereka setuju atau tidak.
He asked if they agreed or not.
Saya
tidak tahu apakah ini Pak Amran atau bukan.
I don’t know if this is Mr Amran or
not.
2.6.3 Imperatives
Constructions in
imperative mood are all addressed to someone with the intention that something
is done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals and suggestions.
Basic imperatives are
usually written with a final exclamation mark, although this convention is not
always oberserved, especially if the order is a mild one.
1. Intransitive verbs in imperatives
Intransitive verbs undergo no change in
imperatives:
Datang ke sini!
Come
here!
Berangkat sekarang!
Leave
now!
2. Transitive verbs in imperatives
Transitive verbs
drop prefix meN- if they refer to
action performed on a specific object:
Lihat
foto ini!
Look at this photo!
Tutup
pintu!
Shut the door!
A transitive verb
in an imperative construction does not lose its prefix if it occurs without an
object, that is, if acting pseudo-intransitivelly:
Membaca
sekarang!
Read now!
Menulis
baik-baik!
Write properly!
Prefix meN- is
also retained if an object occurs but does not refer to something specific:
Menabung
uang untuk hari tuamu!
Save your money for old age!
Membaca
buku sekarang!
Read the book now!
Such
constructions refer to action in general, not a particular action performed on
a specific object. Interest is thus on the activity alone and the ‘object’ can
be regarded as forming a kind of compound with the verb. Thus, in the last
example above, membaca buku acts like
an intransitive verb ‘do book reading’.
2.6.4 Exclamations
Utterances in exclamatory
mood express the speaker’s feelings or attitude, usually in an amphetic way.
They are often uttered forcefully and in writing this may be indicated by an
exclamation mark. Exclamations may in single words.
1. Interjections
Many
exclamations are single words, also called interjections, which are usually
uttered as an immediate reaction to some event to express surprise, anger, and
so on. There are a great many interjections; gloses to the following few
examples do not attempt to catch the precise force of the Indonesian:
Aduh!
Oh!
Oh dear!
Astaga!
Good
heavens! Heaven forbid!
Brengsek!
Useless!
(exclamation of disapproval)
Cis!
Bah!
Tut! (exclamation of disgust)
Kasihan!
Poor
thing! What a pity!
A basic
exclamation can be followed by a noun phrase indicating the person or thing
having the quality referred to. The adjective corresponds to the predicate in a
basic adjective clause and the noun phrase corresponds to the subject of such a
clause. Each of the eclamatory sentences below is preceded by the basic clause
corresponding to it:
Cerita
itu lucu.
That story is funny.
Betapa
lucunya cerita itu!
Gosh that story is funny!
Malapetaka
yang menimpa mereka besar.
The disaster which struck them was
great.
Alangkah
besarnya malapetaka yang menimpa mereka!
How great was a disaster which
struck them!
The adjective in
an exclamatory clause may correspond to an adverb in a basic clause. In this
case it is followed by a subject-perdicate structure. For each of the following
examples a basic clause containing an adverb is first given, followed by the
exclamatory sentence based on it;
Mbak
Koes menerima kami dengan ramah.
Mbak Khoes received us hospitably.
Bukan
main ramahnya Mbak Koes menerima kami!
How hospitably Mbak Koes received us!
2. Coordination of phrases and words
As
well as linking clauses coordinators can link two phrases or words. The two
elements linked must be of the same kind:
Laut yang bening dan tenang
A
clear and calm sea
Murid yang pandai tetapi malas
A
cleaver but a lazy pupil
Pak dan Bu Marto sudah lama kawin.
Mr
and Mrs. Marti have been long married for a long time.
When two
transitive verbs are coordinate they have the same subject and object. The
subject, along with any components of the predicate covering both of verbs,
occurs before the first verb and the object after the second verb:
Majikan tidak bisa sembarangan
memperkerjakan dan membayar pembantunya.
An
employeer can not employ and pay his servants just as his pleases
The
speech functions are realized in moods. In Bahasa Indonesia, mood is realized
not only by sequence of elements in some cases but also by particle kah attached to the element which is
being negotiated in the exchange. Including a description of verbal group in
the language, it is to show that there is special verbal category in the
language, i.e. akan and bisa which behaves like finite in
English in providing tense andmodality.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
The
researcher applies content analysis
method. Krippendorf (2004: 18) says that content
analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from
texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use. The reference
to text in the above definition is not intended to restrict content analysis to
written material. The phrase "or other meaningful matter" is included
in parentheses to indicate that in content analysis works of an, images, maps, sounds,
signs, symbols, and even numerical records may be included as data that is,
they may be considered as texts-provided they speak to someone about phenomena
outside of what can be sensed or observed. That means speech is one of the
phenomenon which consists of sounds and it recorded to written. The researcher
will be proof to describe realization of speech functions in mood in the speech
as documentation. The research is based on documentation.
Bogdan and Biklen ( 1992: 304)
states official documents data include memos, minutes from meetings,
newsletters, policy documents, books, proposals, codes of ethics, student’s
records, statement of philosophy, news releases and the like. Based on the
statement, speech is available to be researched.
3.2 Data Sources
The
sources of data are by SBY’s speech on the Jakarta “Bombings” July 18, 2009 and SBY’s speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30
Mei 2011 . From the problem of
the study, the researcher concludes that the research instrument is using
document. Document is data already available ready to be used by the
researcher, so speech is one of documents.
3.3 Technique of Collecting Data
The data are collected through document by SBY’s
Speech on the Jakarta “Bombings” July 17, 2009 and SBY’s speech about“SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011. Then, these data are available in the internet.
3.4 Technique of Data Analysis
According to Krippendorff (2004:
193) methods in content analysis largely address the making and processing of
data and the application of analytical constructs that preserve some of the
data's meanings, leading to valid inferences.
After
gathering data from sources including documentation and collecting the data;
the researcher analyzed the data by using the technique of analyze data. The
technique of analysis defines what kind of information may or may not endow of
the various information within data obtained. Technique of data analysis in
this research is used to find out types of speech function, determining of
speech function (statement, offer, command, question), and types of mood.
The
procedures of data analysis that is applied can be seen as follows:
Table 1.15
The steps of the technique of data analysis
|
No.
|
PROCEDURES
|
PRODUCTS
|
|
1.
|
Identifying
the data into the realization of speech function in mood
|
This step
produced the four sides of speech functions; they are Statement, Question,
Command, and Offer. Mood; they are Declarative, Interrogative, and
Imperative.
|
|
2.
|
Identifying
the dominant speech functions
|
This step
produced the dominant the kinds of speech functions (Statement, Question,
Command, and Offer) both of the speech.
|
|
3.
|
Reasoning for the use of the dominant speech functions
|
This step produced the result of the explaining about the dominant speech
functions in the speeches.
|
3.4 Trustworthiness
Trustworthiness criteria of the study were used by
triangulation. Denzin (1978) in Sibarani (2004: 305) states that three
different modes of triangulation exist: sources, methods, and theories. In this study, the credibility of the
research is achieved through:
1.
Data
(source) triangulation, which entails gathering data
through the sources of SBY’s speeches namely the Jakarta “Bombings” July 17, 2009
and“SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta,
Monday, 30 Mei 2011.
2.
Theoretical triangulation, which refers
to the use of more than one theoretical position in interpreting data.
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Research Findings
In
analyzing the data, this research follows the step of data analysis; they are describing
the data into the realization of speech function in mood, deriving the dominant
speech functions, and reasoning for the use of the dominant speech functions.
Those steps are to describe three problem of this research including the way of
realization speech function in mood, the dominant using of speech function and
the reason dominant using of speech function. In describing the data into the
realization of speech function in mood, this is to aim the describing of speech
function including statement, offer, command, and question in mood including
declarative, interrogative, and imperative. This data described speech function
in statement which has been many types. The speeches are taken by SBY such as
SBY’s speech on the Jakarta “Bombings”
July 18, 2009 and SBY’s speech about“SMS
bermasalah”, Jakarta, Monday, 30 Mei 2011.
4.1.1 Realization of Speech Function in Mood
4.1.1.1 Realization of Speech Function
(1). Statement
a. First Speech: “Bombings”
The delicate speech functions
by SBY are developed in a system network in Figure 1.4: system network of SBY’s speech function. This system network is
developer with reference to Halliday (2004).
The system network indicated how the speech functions
are developed from the basic speech functions of statement, question, offer,
and command. The list of speech function is summarized in Table 1.16: List of
speech function in SBY speech. They were:
Table 1.16
Lists of Statement in SBY’s Speech
|
No.
|
Type
|
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
|
Clarification
Suggestion
Disappointment
Achievement
Information
Affirmation
Aim
Fury
Hope
Promise
Threat
Blame
Greeting
Support
Apprehensive
Duty
|
It is described as the following:
1. Clarification
is a speech function where the process clarification and elaborated when he
informed in the speech.
For example: (1).
This is a video recording of them practicing
shooting
(2). Two men are shooting with handguns
2. Suggestion
is one of the types speech function where put forward an idea or plan when he
want to people think about the issue.
For example: (1). To prevent and exterminate terrorism and
other crimes properly, the intelligence [agency] must be very sharp
(2).
To all Indonesians, as you increase
public alertness, stay at your work and live your lives normally
3. Disappointment
is described the feeling disappointed or not as good as it had hoped.
For example: (1). Even, and this is a sad part, if the bombing
did not occur, a legendary football club, Manchester United, would have played
in Jakarta
(2).
My fellow countrymen and women, with all
of these brutal and thoughtless acts of terrorism, what we have built in the
last five years with the labor and sweat of all Indonesians, once again must
endure another shake and setback
4. Achievement
is the process of success in doing something after a lot of effort.
For example: (1). Business, tourism, food self-sufficiency,
investment, trade, real sectors, have all been moving favorably regardless of
the global crisis
(2).
With the growing economy, the welfare of
our people was developing also, including the execution of poverty and
unemployment eradication programs, which I usually mention as the Pro-People
Program
5. Information
is the process giving news or issue from the sources where SBY informed the all
information to the society.
For example: (1). I must say for the first time to all
Indonesians that during the series of legislative and presidential elections in
2009, there were several intelligence reports that were gathered by law
enforcers
(2). The report showed a group of terrorists had
practiced shooting at my picture, SBY’s picture, as a target
6. Affirmation
is a statement of speech function where the process of state an issue publicly.
For example: (1). Once again, there has been an attack or a
bombing committed by terrorists in Jakarta
(2). I would respond like this — that we should
not point our fingers, or blame someone without proof
7. Aim
is the purpose for which the speaker does it or the result that it is intended
to achieve.
For example: (1). The bombing was committed when people were
still concerned with political brouhaha at the elite level, also — as I have
been noticing everyday — with provocative remarks that maintain heated and
hostile circumstances, which is not the aspiration of the people who fulfilled
their political duties a few weeks ago
8. Fury
is violent or very strong anger where he expresses the strong anger about the
issue.
For example: (1). Indeed, there are few people who are laughing
and screaming in delight, satisfying their maddening anger
9. Hope
is a feeling of desire and expectation that things will go well in the future
where he expected something good in the future.
For example: (1). People want the conclusion of the 2009 General
Elections to be the starting point for us to unite and rebuild our country for
the sake of all Indonesian people
(2). I believe, as we have discovered before,
that the perpetrators and the people who masterminded this terror will be
apprehended and we will prosecute them under the law
10. Promise is
a statement which he makes to people in which he says that he will be
defininitely to do something.
For example: (1). I swear, for the sake of my beloved
Indonesians, that the government will execute proper and decisive punishments
to the bombers, including the mastermind and organizers, and for other crimes
that might or could happen on our country nowadays
(2).
With God’s blessings, I assure you, my
brothers and sisters of Indonesia, that I shall stand right up front to face
the clear and present danger and to carry out the hard, yet noble, mandate you
have given to me
11. Threat is a
statement by SBY that the actor of bombing will do bombing which is unpleasant.
For example: (1). My fellow countrymen and women, the inhuman
and thoughtless bombing occurred just when our nation had held its presidential
election and while the General Elections Commission (KPU) is still tallying the
votes
(2). This morning, I have received many statements,
or reminders that made me theorize, or at least be concerned, that this
terrorism is related to the result of the presidential election
12. Blame is
described all of about the bombing by SBY that was to investigate the
terrorism.
For example: (1). It is suspected to have been committed by a
group of terrorists, although it may not necessarily be the same terrorism
network that we have realized cause nothing but sufferings and troubles that
all Indonesians have had to bear
(2). It has greatly disrupted the security and
peace of the country while people want a safe, peaceful and conducive situation
13. Greeting is
a statement that SBY say before start in his speech.
For example: (1). My fellow countrymen and women to all
Indonesians that I love, wherever you are
(2). Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
14. Support is
expressed by SBY to help the society about the problem.
For example: (1).
To all the victims, our thoughts and prayers
are with you
15. Apprehensive
is expressed something bad to the society by SBY in the speech.
For example: (1). Therefore, on this opportunity, on behalf of
the country and the government, and as a person, I would like to express my
heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims
(2). My fellow countrymen and women, I believe
almost all of us feel sympathy and sadness, and cry inside, as I do now
16. Duty is
work that SBY and the government have to solve the problem.
For example: (1). To the Indonesian Police Force, Indonesian
Armed Forces and National Intelligence Agency, also the governors, district
chiefs and mayors, I would like to ask you to remain on high-alert status and
strive to prevent terrorism
(2).
This is our mandate given by the people,
for our country
This research also castegorized
the data into percent for more information about analyzing the data see
Appendix III. This is to know the describing speech function in statement. The
speech function of statement can be seen as in following table:
Table 1.17
Initiating of Statement
|
No
|
Types of statement
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
|
Clarification
Suggestion
Disappointment
Achievement
Information
Affirmation
Aim
Fury
Hope
Promise
Threat
Blame
Greeting
Support
Apprehensive
Duty
|
7
6
2
7
5
28
1
1
7
8
7
4
3
1
5
2
|
7.45%
6.38%
2.13%
7.45%
5.32%
29.79%
1.06%
1.06%
7.45%
8.51%
7.45%
4.26%
3.19%
1.06%
5.32%
2.13%
|
|
Total
|
94
|
100%
|
As shown in the table, the dominant speech function
of statement more than 20% includes into affirmation which is 29.79%. It is
followed by promise type of statement which has 8.51%. The clarification, achievement,
threat, hope placed in the third rank which has 7.45%, while the suggestion has
6.38%, information and apprehensive has 5.32%, blame has 4.26%, greeting has
3.19%, duty and disappointment has 2.13% and also support, aim, fury has 1.06%.
It is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech always
using affirmation in the speech.
b. Second Speech: “SMS bermasalah”
The types of statement in the
second speech (Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) Speech about “SMS bermasalah”, Jakarta,
Monday, 30 Mei 2011 have twelve. These
types have described in the Figure 1.4: System
Network of SBY’s Speech Function. They were:
Table 1.18
Lists of Statement in SBY’s Speech
|
No.
|
Type
|
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
|
Suggestion
Disappointment
Appeal
Information
Affirmation
Fury
Accusation
Misunderstnding
Blame
Clarification
Ignorance
Hope
|
It is described as the following:
1. Suggestion
is one of the types speech function where put forward an idea or plan when he
want to people think about the issue.
For example: (1). Oleh karena itu biar terang benderang di
mata rakyat, jangan lakukan sesuatu dengan sembunyi melalui apa yang beredar
sekarang ini
2. Disappointment
is described the feeling disappointed or not as good as it had hoped.
For example: (1). Saudara, sebagai WNI dan kepala negara, saya
sedih dan prihatin jika ada saudara kita memiliki perilaku menyebar fitnah
tanpa beban apapun, tidak pernah merasakan seperti apa orang yang diserang
dengan fitnah itu
3. Appeal
is described by SBY that it is a serious and urgent request.
For example: (1). Saudara, apa yang saya ketahui, fitnah yang
dilemparkan oleh seseorang dari tempat gelap dari hati yang gelap, sungguh
keterlaluan
(2).
Muncullah secara ksatria, mari kita
berhadapan demi hukum dan keadilan
4. Information
is the process giving news or issue from the sources where SBY informed the all
information to the society.
For example: (1). Saudara-saudara, selama dua hari libur hari
Sabtu dan Minggu, saya menerima tamu dan bertemu dengan banyak sahabat
(2). Kita bicarakan banyak hal termasuk yang
beredar di masyarakat, berkaitan dengan pemberitaan yang tidak jelas sumbernya,
mengandung fitnah yang sangat keterlaluan
5. Affirmation
is a statement of speech function where the process of state an issue publicly.
For example: (1). Selama ini saya memilih diam
(2).
Bukan cuma saya, tapi siapapun yang jadi
korban penggunaan teknologi informasi dewasa ini
6. Fury
is violent or very strong anger where he expresses the strong anger about the
issue.
For example: (1). Kalau bicara fitnah, banyak orang negeri ini
yang menjadi korban, saya salah satunya
(2).
Saya katakan dengan bahasa terang, mereka
tidak bertanggung jawab, tidak ksatria, pengecut
7. Accusation
is a statement which expresses the belief that someone has done something
wrong.
For example: (1). Selama mengemban amanah lebih dari enam
tahun melalui pemilu yang sah dan demokratis, saya kira ratusan fitnah datang
kepada saya
(2). Satu kali dua kali manakala fitnah itu
sungguh keterlaluan, maka demi nama baik demi kebenaran dan keadilan dan
merupakan hak saya untuk memberi penjelasan
8. Misunderstanding
is a statement that he wants to clarify the failure in the society.
For example: (1). Bukan justru media online yang tidak
ksatria, menyebarkan fitnah dan pembunuhan karakter, caci maki,terhadap
siapapun
9. Blame
is described all of about the problem by SBY that was to clarify the problem.
For example: (1). Tapi sekarang ini tersedia media massa yang
mendiskreditkan di antara kita
(2).
Saya tahu dalam keadaaan apapun biasanya
selalu ada pembonceng, penumpang gelap
10. Clarification
is a speech function where the process clarification and elaborated when he
informed in the speech.
For example: (1). Zaman dahulu dengan alasan demokrasi belum
mekar, belum ada kebebasan berbicara
(2).
Barangkali kekuasaan negara bisa ambil
tindakan
11. Ignorance
is a statement that he lacks of the rumor.
For example: (1). Saya biarkan dan saya terus bekerja
12. Hope is a
feeling of desire and expectation that things will go well in the future where
he expected something good in the future.
For example: (1). Mudah-mudahan yang saya sampaikan ini bisa
mewakili mereka yang selama ini menjadi korban fitnah dari mereka yang kurang
beradab
This research also categorized
the data into percent for more information about analyzing the data see Appendix
IV. This is to know the describing speech function in statement. The statement
can be seen as in following table:
Table 1.19
Initiating of Statement
|
No
|
Types of statement
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
|
Suggestion
Disappointment
Appeal
Information
Affirmation
Fury
Accusation
Misunderstnding
Blame
Clarification
Ignorance
Hope
|
1
2
8
4
6
10
3
1
4
3
1
1
|
2.27%
4.55%
18.18%
9.09%
13.64%
22.73%
6.82%
2.27%
9.09%
6.82%
2.27%
2.27%
|
|
Total
|
44
|
100%
|
As shown in the table, the dominant speech function
of statement more than 20% includes into fury which is 22.73%. It is followed
by appeal type of statement which has 18.18%. The affirmation has the third
rank which has 13.64%, while the information and blame has the fourth rank
which has 9.09%. The accusation and the clarification have the fifth rank which
has 6.82%. The sixth rank has disappointment which has 4.55%. The suggestion,
misunderstanding, ignorance, and hope have the last rank which has 2.27%. It is
indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech always using
fury in the speech.
(2). Command
Second types of speech function
are command. Like a statement, command may be positive or negative as in Open the door! Or Please don’t smoke here! (Saragih, 2005: p. 13). In the first
speech about “Bombing”, there were
two which are categorized as prohibition. This type has described in the Figure
1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech
Function.
The command can be seen as in
following table:
Table 1.20
Initiating of
Command
|
No
|
Texts
|
Initiating Speech Function
|
Command
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
|
Don’t let terrorists and their masterminds
lurk in your neighborhood
|
Command
|
ü
|
1
|
50%
|
|
2.
|
Don’t hesitate, nor be afraid, in
preventing and exterminating terrorism
|
Command
|
ü
|
1
|
50%
|
|
Total
|
2
|
100%
|
As shown in the table, the dominant command is
prohibition. It is indicated that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this
speech was only two commands using in this speech.
The command can be seen as in
following table:
Table 1.21
Initiating of
Command
|
No
|
Texts
|
Initiating Speech Function
|
Command
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
|
Janganlah terus menerus menyebarkan racun
fitnah
|
Command
|
ü
|
1
|
50%
|
|
2.
|
Jangan kita merugi, energi kita habis
untuk menghadapi hal-hal seperti ini
|
Command
|
ü
|
1
|
50%
|
|
Total
|
2
|
100%
|
In
the second speech about “SMS bermasalah”,
there were two which are categorized as prohibition. This type has described in
the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s
Speech Function.
(3). Question
Third types of speech function
are question. The question may be either information question (wh-question) or
yes/no question such as Where did you go
last week? and Did you go to the
movie? (Saragih, 2005:13). This type has described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function.
In the first speech about “Bombing”, there was one which is
categorized as convince. The question can be seen as in following table:
Table 1.22
Initiating of
Question
|
No
|
Texts
|
Initiating Speech Function
|
Question
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
|
Why do I have to feel very sorry?
|
Question
|
ü
|
1
|
100%
|
|
Total
|
1
|
100%
|
As shown in the table, it is indicated that Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech was only one question using in this
speech.
The
second speech Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) Speech about “SMS bermasalah” there was not question here. Statement was
dominant using in this speech.
(4). Offer
Third types of speech function
are offer. The offer may be coded by a statement such as Let me take the book for you (Saragih, 2005:14). In the first
speech about “Bombing”, there was
one. This type has described in the Figure 1.4: System Network of SBY’s Speech Function.
The offer can be seen as in
following table:
Table 1.23
Initiating of
Offer
|
No
|
Texts
|
Initiating Speech Function
|
Offer
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
|
Let me show you
|
Offer
|
ü
|
1
|
100%
|
|
Total
|
1
|
100%
|
As shown in the table, it is indicated that Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech was only one offer using in this
speech.
In the second speech about “SMS bermasalah”, there were three. This
type has described in the Figure 1.4: System
Network of SBY’s Speech Function.
The offer can be seen as in
following table:
Table 1.24
Initiating of
Offer
|
No
|
Texts
|
Initiating Speech Function
|
Offer
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
|
Silahkan saja, itu bagian dari kebebasan
berbicara
|
Offer
|
ü
|
1
|
33.33%
|
|
2.
|
Marilah kita menjadi bangsa yang
benar-benar beradab, civilized
|
Offer
|
ü
|
1
|
33.33%
|
|
3.
|
Mari kita aware satu sama lain
|
Offer
|
ü
|
1
|
33.33%
|
|
Total
|
3
|
100%
|
As shown in the table, it is indicated that Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) from this speech offer was three times using in this
speech.
4.1.1.2 Realization in Mood
After describing the data
into speech function, the next procedure is deriving the dominant speech
function; it is aimed to know the dominant speech function in both of the
speeches.
a. First Speech: “Bombings”
Table 1.25
Mood in Clause
|
No
|
Kinds of Moods
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
|
Declarative
Interrogative
Imperative
(-)
|
73
1
21
1
|
76.04%
1.04%
21.88%
1.04%
|
|
Total
|
96
|
100%
|
The
above table shows that the dominant mood used by the elements of the speech
while carrying on the speech is Declarative (76.04%). It is followed by
Imperative (21.88%), Interrogative (1.02%) and (-): (1.04%). This means that
Declarative is an important clause while communicating in the speech because
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was giving information to the society which was to
inform about the bombing. He has explained about the victims, the process, and
the impact of the bombing.
b. Second Speech: “SMS Bermasalah”
Table 1.26
Mood in Clause
|
No
|
Kinds of Moods
|
Number
|
%
|
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
|
Declarative
Interrogative
Imperative
(-)
|
37
-
9
3
|
75.51%
-
18.37%
6.12%
|
|
Total
|
49
|
100%
|
The above table shows that Declarative is the most
dominant in this while carrying on the speech is Declarative (75.51%). This
means that Declarative is an important clause while communicating in the speech
because Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was giving clarification to the society which
was to clarify about “SMS Bermasalah”.
He has explained about the problem, the issue, and the foundation.
4.1.1.3 Realization of Speech Function in Mood
It has been mentioned in the
chapter 3 that the data will be analyzed based on the three procedures. They
are identifying the realization of speech function in mood, identifying the
dominant speech function, and reasoning for the use of the dominant speech
function. In this part, it will be concluded the realization of speech function
in mood. For more information, it will be summarized in Table 1.27.
4.1.2 Dominant of Speech Function
After analyzing the realization of speech function in
the both of the speeches, now the researcher is showed the data by the
classification of number into percent.
Table 1.28
The Dominant
Speech Function in the Speehes
|
Types of Speech Function
|
First speech: “Boombing”
|
Second speech: “SMS
Bermasalah”
|
Number
|
%
|
|
Statement
Command
Offer
Question
|
94
2
1
1
|
44
2
3
-
|
138
4
4
1
|
93.88%
2.72%
2.72%
0.68%
|
|
Total
|
147
|
100%
|
From the table, it can be realizing that the dominant
speech function in the both of the speeches is statement. And all of the
sentences in the speech have realized in the speech function because speech
function is implementation of the verb in the sentence. So, almost of the
sentences have verb that is why the dominant speech function realized in the
speech.
Both
of the speeches, affirmation is the most dominant statement because both of the
speeches were talking about the issue. The speaker wants to emphasize the
statement to all people. First speech was talking about “Bombing” which was a
big issue in that time because it has given the big impact for all sides. To
contribution, SBY wants to clarify and make affirmation about the situation
because SBY is a president who is responsible in the situation. Second speech
about “SMS Bermasalah”, which was
talking the issue about short message it was talking about the issue in short
message.
4.1.3
Reason for the
Dominant Used of Speech Function
Before starting to create a
speech, most speakers develop an informative plan. Communication helps us form
relationships, allows cultures to evolve, and encourages understanding among
people; in short, communication is the thing that makes us human. Without it,
we would perish. The study of speech is based on the assumption that one’s
ability to communicate in an effective manner is vital to successful human
interaction.
Four major areas are included
in the speech discipline, each of which focuses on unique characteristics of
particular situations. Interpersonal communication includes the study of
symbolic behavior in dyadic, two person, and relationships. Group communication
concentrates on the small group of three to seven persons. Organizational
communication examines the effects that organizational structure and membership
have on human communication. Rhetoric and public address is the study of
discourse and its role in shaping public perceptions and practices. All areas
emphasize effective oral and written communication.
Aristotle
said that use appropriate language, correct and acceptable, select the words a
clear and direct sentence convey the beautiful, noble, and alive, and adjust
the language with the message, audience and speaker. Contents speech President
SBY is laden with words that are chosen truly
to portray who he was. President of the many uses of words in foreign
languages, although English is actually simple, but are used as affirmation of
the sentence. Also in the text of his speech,
many containing the convergence, between paragraph
by paragraph the
other one has a
relationship.
The all of them actually
contain the same
meaning, explain or
provide information on every achievement
target and programs that have
he carried on but
many also occur
repetition of words who actually want affirm
a sentence but
that the contrary impression long-winded and
not directly on
target. It is associated with image community on
President SBY as someone who is too cautious in making decisions and was
impressed not hesitates in acting. Here the
researcher tries to analyze
that he "grew
up" by mass media.
And he knew
it. Terms of SBY
emerged from the
mass media, then each view in the
media he so
enthusiastically welcome by colleagues of the
press. This made him increasingly trying to portray
them into the
figure of the "ideal"
in the public eye. Also speaking
style and his views that tend to spin visible from much of his speech of 15
sheets, though the subject matter submitted to compress again into phrases more
efficient so it will not exceed 10 sheets.
4.2 Discussions
Speech function is used as the
medium exchange of their experiences. It is more oriented to functional
interpretation. That means that all the utterances involved the four types of
speech functions. In other statement comes from Martin (1992: 36) says that
speech function is a semantic aspect of meaning which is realized by mood at
the level of lexicogrammar. From that statement concludes that four types of
speech function are realized by mood.
Statement is realized by
declarative, question is realized by interrogative, and command is realized by
imperative. According to Saragih (2005: 14) the four speech functions are
initiated by the speaker. In real interaction, the interlocutor i.e. the
addressee, in his/her turn also responds to the speech function produced by the
speaker i.e. the addresser. In other words, a speech function by an addresser
is responded by the addressee.
The types of speech function in
both of the speeches such as the first speech about “Bombings” dominantly indicated as statement types of speech
function and followed by command, question, and also offer. The second speech
about “SMS Bermasalah” dominantly
indicated as statement types of speech function than another (command, offer,
and question). Speech function is the tool of communication used in the speech.
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as a speaker was giving the information for the
people. He was explaining about the case or issue to the people, so that the
aim of the speaking was to make the people will be clear about the issue or the
case. Speech itself is the implementation of human communication even it is
written by the text. Generally, speech is only communication in one side; it is
different which compares with the conversation. In conversation there is
interaction between the address and addressee. So that is why the dominant
types of speech function in the speeches are statement.
The kind of mood in both of the
speeches such as the first speech about “Bombings”
dominantly indicated as declarative kinds of mood and followed by interrogative
and imperative. It is also in the second speech, first rank is declarative. The
interrogative and imperative was not in the second speech about “SMS Bermasalah”. The interpersonal
function s realized at two levels namely at the level of (discourse) semantics
and lexicogrammar which is termed mood. Mood is potentially coded by any one of
the four speech functions (Saragih, 2005: 12). Both of the speeches dominantly
is declarative, it refers from the statement in the speech function because
statement is realized by declarative in mood but a speech function may be coded
by an elliptical mood or minor. By minor is meant an expression which has no
process or verb (Saragih, 2005: 15). In the speeches, there are minor or
elliptical mood. Minor clauses are expressions such as thank you, and wassalamu’alaikum
warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. They
are called minor clauses because they are not open to any of the major systems
of Transitivity, Mood, and Theme. The really serve an interpersonal function
such as greeting, acknowledgement, surprise, etc (Saragih, 2005: 18).
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1
Conclusions
After
analyzing the data conclusions are drawn as the following.
(1) The
realization of speech functions in mood in the Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s
speeches. The first speech, “Bombings”
speech function has realized in mood which has 50.51%. Four types of speech
function has realized in three kinds of mood. Statement has realized in
declarative which has 56.29%. Command has realized in imperative which has
8.70%. Offer has realized in mood which has 50%. Question has realized in
interrogative which has 50%. The second speech, “SMS Bermasalah” speech function has realized in mood which has
44.90%. Four types of speech function has realized in three kinds of mood.
Statement has realized in declarative which has 54.32%. Command has realized in
imperative which has 18.18%. Offer has realized in mood which has 50%. Question
has realized in interrogative which has 0%. Speech function has realized in
mood by elaboration in the Table 1.2: elaboration realization of speech
function in mood.
(2) The
types of speech function in both of the speeches are: statement, offer,
question, and command. The dominant speech function in the first speech is
statement (95.92%) and the second speech is statement (89.80%). Both of the
speeches statement is the dominant speech function, this happens because Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono as a speaker was giving the information for the people. He
was explaining about the case or issue to the people, so that the aim of the
speaking was to clarify the people about the issue. The first speech, the issue
is about bombings which were happened in the public area when the condition has
got well. The second speech, the issue is about short message which was talking
about SBY. It made him angry about the content of the message because it was
talking all about his weakness. This research has found that the speech is
almost using statement in the sentence which is to help the speaker to inform
the people about the problem or the issue. The sentence of the speech should be
clear because it can make different interpretation if the speech is not clear.
The main function of speech is giving, explaining, and clarifying something
happens in the society.
(3) The
four speech functions in initiating are realized as follows: statement realized
by declarative Mood, question realized by interrogative Mood, and command
realized by imperative Mood. The researcher concludes that speech function
refers to the verb in the sentence. It categorizes in the semantics term.
Semantics term has realized in the lexicogrammar. Every sentence has realized
in the speech function, and also speech function in semantics has realized in
mood system in lexicogrammar. The conclusion is speech as the object of the
study which realizes in the speech function and mood. It could be dominant
using of speech function. So that is the reason why speech function is the
dominant using in the speech.
5.2
Suggestions
In
relation to the conclusions, suggestions are stated as the following.
(1) For
the language students, to do research about the speech side in many area of
research. This is to make it be one of the many areas of the research because
speech is many implicit meaning inside. So, that is the big chance to explore
in another field of the language itself.
(2) It is
recommended to the lecturer hoped to give the attention by studying about the
speech in the class. It can help the students to make the speech which is not
long-winded speech.
(3) For
the language author, to publish more references about speech. It will help the
researcher to find many theories about speech.
REFERENCES
Alan Cruse, D. 2000. Meaning
in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University
Bogdan, R. F., & Biklen, S. 1992. In Qualitative Research for Education:
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Denzin, N. K. 1978. The Research Act. In Sibarani, B.
2004. Qualitative Research in Linguistics and Language Teaching.
Medan: Graduate Program State University of Medan (unpublished)
Halliday, M. A. K. 1985. Systemics Background. In
Benson, J. D. and W.S. Greaves (eds) Systemic Perspectives on Discourse,
Vol. I, Norwood: ablex Publishing, 1-15
Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. Introduction to Functional Grammar.
London: Edward Arnold
Halliday, M. A. K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar.
London: Edward Arnold
Hoffman, Mary F & Ford, Debra J. 2010. Organizational Rheotoric.
USA: SAGE Publications
Krippendorrf, Klaus. 2004. Content Analysis- An Introduction
to Its Methodology.
California: Sage publication
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California: SAGE Publications
Lock, Graham. 2002. Functional English Grammar.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Morley, G.
David. 2000. Syntax in Functional Grammar. New York: Continuum
Malmkjaer,
Kirsten. 2001. The Linguistics Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge
Radford, Andrew.
2004. Minimalist Syntax. New York: Cambridge
R, Hurford, James. 2000. Semantics: a Coursebook. New York:
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Approaches to the Analysis of Texts. Faculty of Language and Arts. The
State University of Medan
Saragih, A, 2005. Introduction Functional Grammar.
Medan: Pasca Sarjana UNIMED
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1916. Cours
de Linguistique Générale. Ed. by C. Bally, A. Sechehaye, and A.
Reidlinger. Paris: Payot.
(1916)1986. Course in General Linguistics.
Trans by Roy Harris. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.
Sneddon, James N, 1996. A
Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge
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China: Edward Arnold
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A. Kretzschmar, Jr. 2009. The
Linguistics of Speech. New York: Cambridge University Press
http://www.nsknet.or.jp/~peterr-s/public_speaking/speechtypes.html
http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/
http://www.presidensby.info/index.php/pers/presiden/2010/12/02/535.html
http://www.famous-speeches-and-speech-topics.info/speech-topics/informative-speech.htm
APPENDIX I
SBY Speech about the Bombing
Greetings to everyone,
My fellow countrymen and women to all Indonesians
that I love, wherever you are. Today is a black dot in our history [as a
nation]. Once again, there has been an attack or a bombing committed by
terrorists in Jakarta.
It is suspected to have been committed by a group of terrorists, although it
may not necessarily be the same terrorism network that we have realized cause
nothing but sufferings and troubles that all Indonesians have had to bear.
This barbaric act has brought about innocent
casualties as well. Therefore, on this opportunity, on behalf of the country
and the government, and as a person, I would like to express my heartfelt
condolences to the families of the victims. To all the victims, our thoughts
and prayers are with you.
My fellow countrymen and women, the inhuman and
thoughtless bombing occurred just when our nation had held its presidential
election and while the General Elections Commission (KPU) is still tallying the
votes. It has greatly disrupted the security and peace of the country while
people want a safe, peaceful and conducive situation. People want the conclusion
of the 2009 General Elections to be the starting point for us to unite and
rebuild our country for the sake of all Indonesian people.
The bombing was committed when people were still
concerned with political brouhaha at the elite level, also — as I have been
noticing everyday — with provocative remarks that maintain heated and hostile
circumstances, which is not the aspiration of the people who fulfilled their
political duties a few weeks ago.
My fellow countrymen and women, I believe almost
all of us feel sympathy and sadness, and cry inside, as I do now. Indeed, there
are few people who are laughing and screaming in delight, satisfying their
maddening anger. These few people, heartless and careless for the destruction
of our country from terrorism, do not care about the vast implications of their
brutality toward our economy, business climate, tourism, image in the world and
many other factors.
Presently, my brothers and sisters, beside us,
the government is performing emergency response measures to treat the victims
of the bombing. An investigation is on the way as well. I have received a
preliminary report of the ongoing investigation. After I read the report, I
instructed the Chief of Police, the National Intelligence Agency and other
related state institutions to conduct a proper and thorough investigation and
to bring the perpetrators to justice.
I believe, as we have discovered before, that the
perpetrators and the people who masterminded this terror will be apprehended
and we will prosecute them under the law. I have instructed law enforcers to
prosecute anyone involved. Whoever he or she is, from whatever political rank
and background.
This morning, I have received many statements, or
reminders that made me theorize, or at least be concerned, that this terrorism
is related to the result of the presidential election. I would respond like
this — that we should not point our fingers, or blame someone without proof.
All theories and speculations must be proven in court. Our country is a lawful
country, as well as a democratic one. Therefore, the norms of law and democracy
must be enacted properly. If someone is guilty under the law, then we could say
that the person is guilty.
I must say for the first time to all Indonesians
that during the series of legislative and presidential elections in 2009, there
were several intelligence reports that were gathered by law enforcers. Once
again, this information has never been made public. The report showed a group
of terrorists had practiced shooting at my picture, SBY’s picture, as a target.
Let me show you.
This is a video recording of them practicing
shooting. Two men are shooting with handguns. This is the target. And this is
my picture, and they are aiming approximately at my face. This is the
intelligence report, with video tape and pictures. It is not a slander, nor an
issue. I received the report several moments ago. It is still related to the
intelligence that acknowledged there is a plan to commit violence or actions
against the law in relation to the election result.
There was also a plan to occupy the office of the
General Elections Commission when the result is to announced. There was a
statement that there would be a revolution if SBY wins. This is an intelligence
report, not rumors, nor gossip. Other statements said they wished to turn Indonesia into [a country like] Iran.
And the last statement said that no matter what, SBY should not and would not
be inaugurated. You can interpret such threats, and the tens of other
intelligence reports that are currently in the hands of our law enforcers.
This morning, just like I used to do, I wanted to
come personally to the location [of the attack]. But the Chief of Police and
others suggested I should wait, since the area was not yet secure. And danger
could come at any time, especially with all of the threats I have shown you,
physical threats.
Surely, life and death is in God’s hands. I
should not worry and be restrained in doing my duty to the people, to this
country. Since presidential security is borne by the Indonesian Armed Forces, I
believe the armed forces have taken the precautions needed. To all intelligence
reports, whether they are related to the bombing or not, I have instructed to
all law enforcers to perform their duties correctly, objectively, decisively
and lawfully.
If the threats are not related to today’s
bombing, they still need to be prevented, because anarchy, violence, vandalism
and all other crimes are not the characteristics of a democratic and lawful
country, obviously. For all of this, I, as the president, condemn the brutal
act of terrorism. I also feel very sorry about the incident. Perhaps, or
usually, during times like this, many of us are afraid to express our scorns or
condemnations due to political considerations. On the other hand, I must say it
loud and clear, as my mandate as the president.
Why do I have to feel very sorry? First of all,
you all know that for the last five years, our economy has been growing
rapidly. Business, tourism, food self-sufficiency, investment, trade, real
sectors, have all been moving favorably regardless of the global crisis.
Secondly, during the last week alone, our stock exchange index was improving
drastically and our Rupiah was strengthening [against US dollar] as well. With
the growing economy, the welfare of our people was developing also, including
the execution of poverty and unemployment eradication programs, which I usually
mention as the Pro-People Program.
All that has happened, my beloved brothers and
sisters of Indonesia,
is because in the last couple of years, our country has been truly safe and
peaceful. In addition to the economic growth, our people throughout the country
can work and live their lives in peace, free from fear. Meanwhile, the
reputation of our country in the world is increasing as the world sees our
country to be more safe, organized and peaceful. Our country has a blooming
democracy and improved human rights implementation, a developing country that
plays its role globally. Even, and this is a sad part, if the bombing did not
occur, a legendary football club, Manchester United, would have played in Jakarta.
My fellow countrymen and women, with all of these
brutal and thoughtless acts of terrorism, what we have built in the last five
years with the labor and sweat of all Indonesians, once again must endure
another shake and setback. Implications, once again, must be borne by all
Indonesians, minus the bombers.
Therefore, truth and justice will be served. I
swear, for the sake of my beloved Indonesians, that the government will execute
proper and decisive punishments to the bombers, including the mastermind and
organizers, and for other crimes that might or could happen on our country
nowadays.
To the Indonesian Police Force, Indonesian Armed
Forces and National Intelligence Agency, also the governors, district chiefs
and mayors, I would like to ask you to remain on high-alert status and strive
to prevent terrorism. More importantly, the law enforcers must truly seek,
capture and prosecute the perpetrators, organizers, and masterminds behind this
violence. Maybe some of them have committed crimes, assassination or murders
and gotten away with these crimes, but this time we will not let them become
Draculas and death-mongers in our country.
I realize that for the last five years, police
have frequently prevented and stopped terrorism actions. Confiscating explosive
materials, uncovering several terrorism networks, even though today’s bombing
has happened, a disaster that has torn the security and reputation of our
country and nation. To prevent and exterminate terrorism and other crimes
properly, the intelligence [agency] must be very sharp. Prevention must be very
effective. The police, the intelligence agency, the armed forces must unite in
a complete synergy. Negligence and ignorance must be discarded. This is our
mandate given by the people, for our country.
To all Indonesians, as you increase public
alertness, stay at your work and live your lives normally. If something
suspicious happens, call the police. Don’t let terrorists and their masterminds
lurk in your neighborhood. You can fall prey to their actions at any time if
they are allowed to mastermind further terror in our country.
For the future, I encourage all Indonesians and
all elements of the nation to unite and stand together in protecting the safety
and peace of this country. No country and no religion condone terrorism,
whatever the motives and reasons are. Don’t hesitate, nor be afraid, in
preventing and exterminating terrorism. Meanwhile, the terror we had today should
never break our spirit and endeavor to build and to advance our country.
We must keep on fighting to better our economy,
politics, democracy, human rights implementation, law enforcement, regional
development, people’s welfare and so on. The fact is that there is a major
catastrophe due to today’s act of terrorism. But we will make it right
together, and we shall rise and move forward again. We, the nation, the country
and the people, shall not falter nor cave in to terrorism. No violence,
extremism, and other crimes shall continue to live on this country.
God Almighty, Allah SWT, shall protect and save
our lives. With God’s blessings, I assure you, my brothers and sisters of
Indonesia, that I shall stand right up front to face the clear and present
danger and to carry out the hard, yet noble, mandate you have given to me.
Thank you,
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.
(http://www.indonesiatogo.com/2009/07/18/sby-speech-about-the-bombing/)
APPENDIX II
SMS Bermasalah
Jakarta, Senin, 30 Mei 2011
![[Image: 110715200671047be60341d74ded06f1af618587.jpg]](file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.jpg)
SBY lagi marah dan kesal diteror SMS
bermasalah
"Saudara-saudara, selama dua hari libur hari Sabtu dan Minggu, saya
menerima tamu dan bertemu dengan banyak sahabat. Kita bicarakan banyak hal
termasuk yang beredar di masyarakat, berkaitan dengan pemberitaan yang tidak
jelas sumbernya, mengandung fitnah yang sangat keterlaluan.
Kalau bicara fitnah, banyak orang negeri ini yang menjadi korban, saya salah
satunya. Selama mengemban amanah lebih dari enam tahun melalui pemilu yang sah
dan demokratis, saya kira ratusan fitnah datang kepada saya. Selama ini saya
memilih diam. Saya biarkan dan saya terus bekerja. Satu kali dua kali manakala
fitnah itu sungguh keterlaluan, maka demi nama baik demi kebenaran dan keadilan
dan merupakan hak saya untuk memberi penjelasan.
Banyak saudara-saudara kita di negeri ini yang juga sering jadi korban fitnah.
Tapi mereka tidak berdaya, tidak bisa bicara dan tidak punya ruang untuk
menyampaikan luka dan sakit hatinya. Mudah-mudahan yang saya sampaikan ini bisa
mewakili mereka yang selama ini menjadi korban fitnah dari mereka yang kurang
beradab."
"Saudara, sebagai WNI dan kepala negara, saya sedih dan prihatin jika ada
saudara kita memiliki perilaku menyebar fitnah tanpa beban apapun, tidak pernah
merasakan seperti apa orang yang diserang dengan fitnah itu. Tadinya saya
berharap dengan teknologi informasi yang berkembang seperti SMS, Twitter, BB
dan semua jenis media online itu bisa mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Bukan
justru media online yang tidak ksatria, menyebarkan fitnah dan pembunuhan
karakter, caci maki,terhadap siapapun. Bukan cuma saya, tapi siapapun yang jadi
korban penggunaan teknologi informasi dewasa ini.
Saudara, apa yang saya ketahui, fitnah yang dilemparkan oleh seseorang dari
tempat gelap dari hati yang gelap, sungguh keterlaluan. Saya katakan dengan
bahasa terang, mereka tidak bertanggung jawab, tidak ksatria, pengecut. Sungguh
menghina pribadi saya, karena tidak menampakkan dirinya dan tidak berani
bertanggungjawab terhadap apa yang mereka katakan.
Janganlah terus menerus menyebarkan racun fitnah. Muncullah secara ksatria,
mari kita berhadapan demi hukum dan keadilan. Fitnah itu 1000 persen tidak
mengandung kebenaran. Disebarluaskan fitnah, katanya ada megaskandal, Bank
Century. Disebutkan tindakan saya yang tidak terpuji. Ada lagi dikatakan PD
punya tabungan Rp47 triliun dan Demokrat harus menjelaskan. Terbalik logikanya.
Dia yang menuduh dia, yang membuktikan.
Oleh karena itu biar terang benderang di mata rakyat, jangan lakukan sesuatu
dengan sembunyi melalui apa yang beredar sekarang ini. Zaman dahulu dengan
alasan demokrasi belum mekar, belum ada kebebasan berbicara. Barangkali
kekuasaan negara bisa ambil tindakan. Bisa jadi orang takut menyampaikan
sesuatu secara terbuka. Tapi sekarang ini tersedia media massa yang
mendiskreditkan di antara kita. Ada tersedia dan sah. Silahkan saja, itu bagian
dari kebebasan berbicara.
Saya tidak bisa menerima jika cara seperti itu berlangsung di negeri kita. Saya
menyeru supaya tidak diteruskan. Saya juga menyeru mereka yang difitnah untuk
menggunakan haknya. Dijamin di negara kita yang menjunjung demokrasi dan hukum
secara bersamaan. Saya tahu dalam keadaaan apapun biasanya selalu ada
pembonceng, penumpang gelap. Ini selalu menimbulkan komplikasi dan masalah.
Saya ingin menyeru pada masyarakat Indonesia, janganlah negeri ini jadi tanah
dan lautan fitnah, tidak akan mencerdaskan bangsa. Marilah kita menjadi bangsa
yang benar-benar beradab, civilized. Justru saat ini kita harus menyatukan
langkah untuk bekerja bersama meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat.
Saya juga ingatkan, muncul situasi sekarang ini kegiatan mengadu domba satu
sama lain. Mari kita aware satu sama lain. Saya juga imbau media massa, yang
punya peran sangat luhur juga, ariflah.
Bayangkan kalau sebuah sumber yang sangat tidak jelas diangkat menjadi sumber
berita. Rakyat kita ini dapat apa. Mestinya kita bersyukur ketika negeri kita
saat ini memiliki momentum, telah melalui masa gelap. Jangan kita merugi,
energi kita habis untuk menghadapi hal-hal seperti ini. Kehidupan yang
bermoral, beretika, beradab, segalanya dipertanggungjawabkan secara ksatria,
tidak pengecut.
(http://www.eocommunity.com/showthread.php?tid=14159)
- Subject MOOD
- Predicator
